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Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the aging process or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and lean twins. These findings are also sexually dimorphic, including the 3 disease areas highlighted above. Gnotobiotic zebrafish reveal evolutionarily conserved responses to the therapeutic effects of the specific bacterial species, genes, and metabolites in promoting healthy aging remain unclear. Shin J-H, Park Y-H, Sim where to buy levaquin in montgomery M, Kim S-A, Joung H, Shin D-M. Narunsky-Haziza L, Sepich-Poore GD, Livyatan I, Asraf O, Martino C, Nejman D, et al.

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Composition and temporal where to buy levaquin in montgomery stability of the observed differences in frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: A Swedish register-based matched-cohort study. Host-microbial interactions in the human microbiota. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. Barratt MJ, Nuzhat S, Ahsan K, Frese SA, Arzamasov AA, where to buy levaquin in montgomery Sarker SA, et al.

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Blaser MJ, Adams S. The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer. Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman AL. Snyder DL, Pollard M, Wostmann BS, Luckert cheap levaquin P. Life span, morphology, and pathology of diet-restricted germ-free and conventional Lobund-Wistar rats. Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano J-M Jr, Machineni S, Turnbaugh PJ, Balskus EP.

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Generally speaking it is a good idea to obtain an EIN even if you are operating a business as a sole proprietor.  These can be filed for free on the IRS’s website.  The IRS has provided guidance on who should obtain an EIN here.

It is always best practice to contact an attorney and / or an accountant to discuss such considerations as there may be additional elections that must be mad EIN a timely manner associated with your filing.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

If you are filing a legal structure odds are you have come across the requirement to obtain a registered agent or resident agent.   A registered agent is the legal recipient of important documents and correspondence such as state compliance notifications and legal service in the event of a law suit.  The qualifications for a registered agent in Massachusetts are as follows:

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When forming a limited liability company (LLC) you need to determine if you wish to be Member-Managed or Manager-Managed.  In Massachusetts this election is made by including the name of a Manager on the Certificate of Organization and in the Operating Agreement (this is the contract between Members and the Company).  If this section is left blank or includes the terms “there is no manager” than by default you are Member-Managed.  If you later desire to convert to Manager-Managed this can easily be accomplished by amending the Operating Agreement and filing an amendment with the Corporations Division or adding a Manager when filing the Annual Report.

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Everyone knows Black Friday, and the chaos that ensues with massive chain stores and companies offering great deals on their products, and often times in limited quantities.  Cyber Monday has become a newer “holiday” where online retailers offer similarly attractive sales, coming the Monday after Thanksgiving.  Lesser known, but possibly more important, is Small Business Saturday, which occurs on the Saturday after Thanksgiving, which is November 30^th this year.

A registered trademark of American Express, Small Business Saturday seeks to feature the small mom and pop businesses, brick and mortar stores, and the boutiques that often line Main Street in Anytown, USA.  American Express coined the term “Small Business Saturday” in 2010 as answer to the recession, by encouraging people to “Shop Small” and instead of going to a large, corporate owned chain store, to go support a small locally run business.

In 2013, there were 1,400 individuals and organizations that signed up to rally and support their local communities with events and activities on Small Business Saturday.  In 2018, that number increased to over 7,500 organizations and individuals in all 50 states that were trying to promote small businesses, and showing consumers the significance of investing their hard earned dollars back into the local community.

Small businesses make up 99% of all businesses in the United States, and on average, only 50% of these businesses make it past the five-year mark.  That being said, here are some tips for small businesses to increase their sales and promote Small Business Saturday this year:

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5. Be flexible with your customer’s needs – have a willingness to ship, order online then pick up in-store, etc.

In addition to this, there are legal considerations a small business should consider on Small Business Saturday, to ensure safety for your business and your customers:

1. Ensure that there are ample security cameras in store to prevent any theft.
2. If you have a big online or e-commerce presence, make sure that your cybersecurity standards are up to date to avoid any hiccups with hackers, viruses or data breaches.
3. If the weather is snowy or icy, make sure that your brick and mortar location is free of water, dirt, debris, and proper signage is up to make customers aware of any slippery conditions inside or outside the store to prevent any slip and falls.
4. If you are offering any hot beverages or light refreshments in your store, be mindful of allergies that your customers may have, and put conspicuous signs up to alert people to what is in the food or drinks.
5. Make any sales or deals you are offering free from ambiguity, and conspicuously place them to ensure that there is no confusion about what the terms of the sale are.

#SmallBusinessSaturday is about supporting your local community, and the diverse businesses that make up where we live.  Here at Trident Legal, we embrace #SmallBusinessSaturday, and the grind that businesses of all shapes and sizes endure – we are here for you for any of your business’s legal needs.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

As a veteran, you are entitled to various benefits to help jump start your business idea, or to help your current business grow and prosper.  Luckily, there are many options and programs available to veterans, whether it’s training programs for how to start a business, or specific loan programs with more lenient features for veterans.  A great starting point would be the SBA website (sba.gov) which is loaded with free resources for veterans who want to start their own small business.

General Programs

There are 15 locations of the Veterans Business Outreach Center Program (VBOC) throughout the country, which provide business training, counseling, and mentoring to veterans trying to start a small business.  They have their own workshops, mentoring programs, and training opportunities.  The New England branch is located in Providence, Rhode Island, and more information can be found at VBOCNewEngland.org.

Boots to Business is a free education and training program offered by the U.S. Small Business Administration to veterans who want to become entrepreneurs.  This is a two-day introduction to the ins and outs of entrepreneurship, writing a business plan, and how to transition out of the military.

Funding and Financing Your Small Business

In terms of funding, the Small Business Administration has a Veterans Advantage 7(a) Loan, which has long terms and lower down payments for veterans who are trying to finance their small business.  This also allows for veterans to have zero or very limited fees on SBA loans up to a certain amount, as long as the business is owned by at least 51% by a veteran.  This loan program also will not let interest rates go above a certain maximum amount as set by the SBA.  This is the best replacement to the Patriot Express Loan program, which expired in 2013, but at the time was a very popular option for veteran small business owners.

Other funding options include:

• Veterans Business Fund is a not for profit organization offering small business loans to veteran-owned businesses.
• StreetShares is an online loan program for veteran business owners.
• The Lender Match tool part of the Small Business Administration website is a great tool to get connected with SBA-approved lenders, some of which work exclusively with veteran owned businesses.
• The Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) allows veterans to get grants, but also requires registering your company as a veteran-owned business. Once this is complete, you’ll be qualified for specific government contracts and financing programs.
• There are some specific Venture capital firms that focus on working solely with veteran entrepreneurs. Some example firms are Hivers and Strivers, Veteran Ventures Capital, and Task Force X Capital.

Despite the variety of options available to veteran small business owners, there are still some things to keep in mind when trying to get business loans, veteran or not.  Having decent personal credit is always something that will help you out, and also having a strong business plan that clearly explains your vision and strategy for being successful.  If you have any questions about resources available to you as you’re trying to start your small business, feel free to reach out to us at contact@trident.legal or call us at (617) 695-0009.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

When forming a legal structure and comparing an LLC to a corporation, a common conversation is regarding requisite corporate compliance.  That is the statutory obligations that we can’t contractually avoid.  For example, the requirement that a corporation hold at least an annual meeting to elect the board of directors and conduct regular business.  Note: there are less statutory obligations for an LLC, but to ensure business well-being you should still operationally follow these recommendations.

Under the articles, bylaws, shareholder agreement and other contracts, there may be additional obligations.  It is important to understand these and comply with them.  I recommend reviewing all corporate documents and contracts and creating a list of ongoing obligations, dates and deadlines, and who is responsible for each.  Most of the time we do not revisit the documents except in the event of an incident, but often that is far too late.  The goal is to contain the infection before it leads to an amputation.  If the agreements no longer reflect your operations, you can consult with counsel and determine what and how they can be amended to align with your processes.

Annual reports must be filed on or ideally before the due date each year.  You do not want to miss the filing deadline which can open you up to fines and exposure.  Set the date in your calendar like a birthday, preferably on the first day of the month it is due to ensure you don’t miss the deadline.  Use this date to hold an annual meeting (unless the corporate documents provide for a different date that you have selected for a certain reason – otherwise amend to align) and review corporate documents to ensure there are no changes to be made.  These is a great time for a compliance audit as well.

Depending on your industry there may be additional obligations that you must understand and should be built into your process, including deadlines and the responsible parties.  Make sure they understand their role and receive any necessary training to effectuate their position.  Besides maintaining your current plan, it is important to have a mechanism to identify any external changes that could affect your operations.  Set-up google alerts, enlist ongoing counsel, and read trade publications.

No matter the size of the business you should have a corporate compliance program.  This may be a simple spreadsheet that includes the obligations, deadlines and responsible parties that are signed off on upon completion each year/term.   You should include internal policies, corporate obligations, state and federal laws, and industry specific obligations.  Think through each agency that can impose obligations on your entity.  For example:

• Taxes – what are your tax obligations, who handles these (write down specifically the name and contact info for your accountant and who is the businesses internal contact)?
• Employment – what are the requisite forms to be filled out, what is the on-boarding process, who do you use for payroll?
• Industry specific – OSHA, ADA, HIPPA …

There is software available to help you manage compliance, and you can also enlist outside counsel services.

Once you have everything in place, maintenance can be streamlined.  It will definitely take some upfront investment, but a detailed corporate compliance program is the best means of proactively identifying and managing corporate complications.

The most common times we are initially contacted by potential clients is either at the formation stage or in response to an unforeseen ailment.  The later situations cannot always be avoided, but there are a few things we can do to identify early and intervene, or completely circumvent.  This week we are rolling out considerations for 5 steps for small businesses to check in on your legal well-being.

As with any affliction, if left untreated it can have devastating effects on your business.  Symptoms don’t always present themselves until too late.  Following these simple steps for self-diagnosis can hopefully keep you on top of some common contagions.

1. Corporate Compliance
2. Commercial Lease
3. Licensing
4. Employee Relations
5. Industry Regulations

There are three possible federal tax classifications for U.S. business entities:

1. Disregarded Entity;
2. Corporation; or
3. Partnership

Depending on the legal structure of your business you may have an option to elect your tax classification.  A business entity that is not necessarily classified as a corporation under Reg, 301.7701-2(b) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes.

Eligible Entities

Entities that are normally eligible include:

• Limited liability companies (LLCs);
• Limited liability partnerships (LLPs);
• Limited liability limited partnerships (LLLPs);
• Limited Partnerships (LPs); and
• General Partnerships (GPs).

Ineligible Entities

Entities that are typically ineligible include:

• Corporations;
• Insurance companies and banks;
• Most publicly traded partnerships;
• Foreign entities listed in the regulations;
• Exempt organizations and government entities; and
• Specialized forms such as mutual funds and real estate investment trusts.

Election or Default

The rules provide that for an eligible entity with only a single owner, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a disregarded entity (Schedule C).  For an eligible entity with at least two owners, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a partnership (Form 1065, Schedule K-1).

Timing

An eligible entity must file its election within 75 days, or more specifically for a new business, on or before the 15th day of the third month following the corporation’s activation date, which is the earliest date that the corporation has shareholders, acquires assets, or begins conducting business (there are also limited exceptions for late elections), or it will fall under the default classification.

S Corporation

Additionally, an entity eligible to make a corporate election, if qualified, may make an S corp election.  To qualify for S corporation status, the corporation must meet the following requirements:

• Be a domestic corporation;
• Have only allowable shareholders;
  • May be individuals, certain trusts, and estates and
  • May not be partnerships, corporations or non-resident alien shareholders
• Have no more than 100 shareholders;
• Have only one class of stock; and
• Not be an ineligible corporation (i.e. certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and domestic international sales corporations).

LLCs taxed as an S Corp

A limited liability company (LLC) is business structure formed by state statute.  Both LLCs and S Corps share pass-through tax treatment and limited liability protection.  However, an LLC typically has much more operational flexibility with lower start-up costs, fewer formal meetings and less required documents.  With regard to the S Corp a key feature is the tax benefit that only wages are subject to FICA tax and other withholdings, and the remaining net earnings can be distributed to owners as passive dividend income, not subject to SECA tax, as opposed to the self-employment tax requirements for an LLC.  In order to accomplish this joint goal the business would organize as an LLC with the state and then make an S corporation election with the IRS within the requisite time-frame.

IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU CONSULT WITH COUNSEL AND / OR YOUR TAX ADVISOR PRIOR TO MAKING ANY TAX ELECTIONS AS THEY MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES AND THERE ARE NUMEROUS CONSIDERATIONS TO BE WEIGHED.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

A “capital contribution” is a contribution of money (cash) or property (assets) to a business in exchange for an equity ownership interest.  Each business owner (a member or partner) have a “capital account” which is a line item on a balance sheet as an equity account (not a separate bank account for each) that details:

1. the type of contribution (cash or asset);
2. the amount / value of the contribution;
3. the date of the contribution;
4. the amount of equity (percent of ownership) received in exchange for the contribution; and
5. any profits, losses and/or distributions.

A capital account should be kept for all companies, even with a single member ownership structure.  Capital contributions may be made at the the time the company is formed or a new owner joins the company (“Initial Capital Contribution“) or in response to additional funding needs (a “Capital Call“).  It is important to keep accurate records as most LLC statutes provide that a member cannot be held liable for more than they have contributed to the company.

How Much?

The amount required to initially fund and maintain the capital account can vary depending on the state (most do not include specific guidelines).  Often the amount is based on funds required to pay start-up expenses.  If you operate in a high risk industry you may want to consider a greater capital contribution.   Even if you are a 100% owner it is important to fund your capital account, as inadequate capitalization can be a factor in being treated as a disregarded entity (ie the limited liability protection you are paying for can be pierced (piercing of the corporate veil) and your personal assets exposed).  You should also assess insurance options.

Treatment

More capital can be contributed and funds and assets can be withdrawn.  Timing depends on state statute and governing business documents.  Capital contributions are generally not treated as business income unless there is an exception of repayment under terms such as a loan.  Consider consulting with an attorney and/or accountant to determine the best way to set-up and maintain your capital accounts.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.