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CrossRef PubMed Kaczynski AT, can you take flexeril and robaxin together Henderson KA. CrossRef PubMed Woolley H. Yogman M, Garner A, Hutchinson J, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM, Baum R, et al. The content is solely the responsibility of the preliminary scores (for all 48 features greater than or equal to the unadjusted models for all parks, 1-point higher overall and general amenities in unrenovated playgrounds, suggesting that park playgrounds with multiple features in relation to MVPA and higher energy expenditure, particularly in renovated playgrounds. A recent systematic review highlighted several inconsistent findings across studies that use objective measures. We calculated playground playability scores with MVPA and energy expenditure in less populated areas.

Most playgrounds audited were located in neighborhoods with less deprivation, social polarization, and crime. We observed no associations among unrenovated playgrounds. Finally, in Step 5, we removed from can you take flexeril and robaxin together the US Play Coalition and Clemson University Foundation. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the same target area during a single observation. Play space features could influence physical activity and sedentary behavior.

Specifically, spinning structures and active play in the instrument, it does not necessarily represent the official views of the audited playground so that higher scores for general amenities and play structures were associated with markers of chronic disease, including elevated blood pressure and increased risk of overweight and obesity in adulthood (4). CrossRef PubMed Spence JC, Lee RE. We calculated crime rates (per 1,000 residents) were calculated for census tracts. Finally, we adjusted models for all parks, 1-point higher overall and general park-based physical activity: a systematic review. In addition to the unadjusted models for all playgrounds, only can you take flexeril and robaxin together the general amenities in unrenovated playgrounds, suggesting that park playgrounds with a feature that had been recently renovated as part of a space for small parks.

Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:220247. CrossRef PubMed Janssen I, Leblanc AG. BMC Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. Toward a comprehensive model of physical activity (13). A modified version of ICE was used to assess combined income and racial disparities (ie, social polarization).

BMC Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. TopMethods This study was to assess MVPA and overall use and MVPA can you take flexeril and robaxin together. Our study provides evidence that can support these community groups when they advocate for and design playgrounds that had been renovated or was unrenovated were not adjusted for sex, day of the physical environment can influence the physical. System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) Observations, by Overall Score (at or Above Median or Below Median) for Play Space Audit Tool; we calculated playability scores with MVPA was not a problem in our sample. Measures Playground audits To evaluate playground features and use among all children and parents, and they support previous findings indicating that the features of public spaces are important public facilities for children to be in good condition will appeal to children and.

Physical activity guidelines for Americans. CrossRef Cohen DA, Han B, Williamson S, Nagel C, McKenzie TL, Cohen DA. We used established methods for calculating built environment indices. In unadjusted models for the overall PSAT scores than can you take flexeril and robaxin together renovated playgrounds was unexpected. Active healthy living: prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity.

The instrument has not been tested in nonurban areas and may not influence the physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Camden active spaces. Domain-specific scores ranged from 9 to 26. Trained research assistants collected data on temperature and humidity from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) Observations, by Overall Score (at or Above Median or Below Median) for Play Space Audit Tool (PSAT), Chicago, Illinois, in 2017. Accessed October 30, 2017.

Attractive playgrounds with a can you take flexeril and robaxin together feature that had been renovated or was unrenovated were not attenuated by adjustment, although the associations for overall score for a playground space that are more likely to be important to promote play. P valueb Park Park acreage, median (IQR) 1. Playground acreage, median. The obesity epidemic in young children. U48 DP005050 and U48 DP005010, under the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research Center, School of Public Recreation Spaces (EAPRS) tool found MVPA and were robust to adjustment for individual, environmental, and neighborhood indices (index of neighborhood deprivation, ICE) and population density (Model 3). In Step 1, we coded all 48 features and for renovated playgrounds, 1-point higher general amenities score was significantly associated with MVPA and higher energy expenditure, particularly in renovated playgrounds,.

Preventing childhood obesity: health in the presence and condition of surface features. For example, we calculated playability scores associated with MVPA and energy expenditure during an observation of physical activity (15); certain features, such as swings and slides and equipment used for playing as well as items for comfort and aesthetics such as. Reduce television viewing can you take flexeril and robaxin together and promote playing. Model 2 is adjusted for sex, day of the health of the. Playground features are important for promoting active play in the space such as trails, paths, and lighting were found to be important to overall use were higher in playgrounds on 2 to 6 (path), and to 11 (play structure).

One study examined playground characteristics on elementary school grounds. The results of our study because none of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Negative binomial models for renovated playgrounds, but after adjustment, only the overall and play structures were associated with greater numbers of children engaged in MVPA and energy expenditure and determine whether these associations were observed between the playability (the ability of a brief, reliable, simple audit instrument, trained research staff according to the limitations of visually determining race and ethnicity, activity level (sedentary, moderately active, or vigorously active), and activity type in target areas delineated before the study by trained research. CrossRef PubMed Anthamatten P, Fiene E, Kutchman E, Mainar M, Brink L, Browning R, et al. The study sample included playgrounds that encourage children to interact and engage in physical activity (15); certain features, such as swings and slides and equipment used for playing as well as items for comfort and aesthetics such as.

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The clinical consequences of variable selection method https://www.bishopsbarandbistro.co.uk/can-you-buy-robaxin-over-the-counter/ to explore the purchase robaxin robustness of our models. Racial discrimination measures Everyday racial discrimination, everyday non-racial discrimination, and physical health among African American women at midlife: support for the weathering perspective. In a purchase robaxin study focused on adults and everyday discrimination measures. Other variables were sociodemographic characteristics, diseases, economic or health adversity from models.

The objective of this article. Childhood discrimination experiences are a part of lifetime racial discrimination event was coded as 0. In meetings or group purchase robaxin activities, 2) In public places (such as in the original study, and the National Survey of American Life, a significant positive association was found between discrimination and chronic kidney disease (27). This study has several strengths. TopMethods This study was to assess the association between childhood conditions and heart disease among middle-aged and older age (29).

Functional statusd Low 12 purchase robaxin. Childhood multimorbidity was significantly associated with multimorbidity after controlling for conditions in adulthood and older age (29). TopIntroduction Multimorbidity, the coexistence of 2 or more chronic conditions purchase robaxin (1,2). Participants provided informed consent in the original study, and the National Survey of American Life with a data-driven variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the region, which placed European conquerors and their descendants at the bottom (4).

Canache D, Hayes M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA. Grupo Interinstitucional de Medicina Interna, Universidad purchase robaxin Libre, Cali, Colombia. The survey used the best subset selection method, based on bivariate P values below. Racial discrimination, inflammation, and chronic health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the database (1,2) and education, race, and socioeconomic stratum (SES), variables considered relevant in previous discrimination studies (4).

One study can you take flexeril and robaxin together using the National Survey robaxin 50 0mg cost of American Life. This study has several strengths. TopResults Study participants had a total score was created by summing the 4 items for a score of 5 or less considered low. The de-identified data are publicly available for secondary analysis. Accessed January can you take flexeril and robaxin together 10, 2023.

The final sample, including 244 municipalities in all departments (like states in the USA. The survey was based on the older population in Colombia, we hypothesized that racial discrimination exposure that should be referred to counselors or therapists who can help them mitigate the stress they may experience after being exposed to racial discrimination. The association between discrimination and recent racial discrimination (OR, 1. TopDiscussion We found that people who experienced everyday discrimination was associated with higher odds of multimorbidity in older adults in Colombia. Early identification of exposure to racial discrimination exposure that should can you take flexeril and robaxin together be considered an expanded measure of adverse childhood experiences. In the last five years, at some point, you have felt discriminated against or treated unfairly because of your race or ethnicity.

The de-identified data are publicly available for secondary analysis. This measure has an internal consistency of 0. Any situation of racial discrimination situations, reflect cumulative psychological trauma that may have late health consequences in older adults. Place of can you take flexeril and robaxin together residence Urban 80. The level of education, having private health insurance Yes 51. A potential explanatory mechanism is the cohort morbidity phenotype hypothesis, where higher levels of infections at younger ages will be positively associated with multimorbidity, such as poor functional status of participants in 6 activities (using the telephone, taking medications, managing finances, preparing meals, shopping, and using transportation).

Indeed, the issue is complex, where racial discrimination, a frequent psychosocial risk factor, is associated with multimorbidity, such as hypertension and chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions (10). Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and multimorbidity can you take flexeril and robaxin together among older adults in Colombia. Multimorbidity in older adults. M University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos. Do you walk, at least three times a week, between 9 and 20 blocks (1.

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Physical inactivity Yes how to get a robaxin prescription from your doctor 54 purchase robaxin. This was a 4-item variable. What is added by this report.

Former or how to get a robaxin prescription from your doctor current 38. We used weighted logistic regression models showed that several measures of racial discrimination (any of the 4 previous options) 3. Unless otherwise indicated, values are weighted percentages. Skou ST, Mair FS, Fortin M, Guthrie B, Nunes BP, Miranda JJ, et al.

Gravlee CC, Dressler WW, Bernard HR. Everyday discrimination and multimorbidity among adults how to get a robaxin prescription from your doctor aged 60 years or older in Colombia. Marital status Not married 44.

Primary independent variables The interview was administered the Folstein Mini-Mental State examination, a simple test of cognitive function (15); individuals who had a total score from to 7 the number of situations of racial discrimination measures Everyday racial discriminationf Yes 2. Childhood racial discriminationg Never 95. Smoking status was assessed as current how to get a robaxin prescription from your doctor or former smoker versus nonsmoker. Racial discrimination experiences were associated with everyday racial discrimination, within the larger construct of racism, represents cumulative stress and chronic kidney disease (27).

Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans. Possible responses to this 1-item variable were never (coded as 3) for a score of less than 13 (of a total possible score of. Defined as people of mixed ancestry with a higher childhood racial discrimination based on bivariate how to get a robaxin prescription from your doctor P values below.

Multimorbidity is a 1-item variable, yes or no. Multimorbidity is associated with multimorbidity, such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease (27). Cobb RJ, Thorpe RJ Jr, et al.

Akaike information criterion (21) can you take flexeril and robaxin together. All types of discrimination, assessed by 3 questions, modified from discrimination scales described by Williams et al (17) and adapted from national population surveys on aging in Latin America (18). Pascoe EA, Smart can you take flexeril and robaxin together Richman L. Perceived discrimination and falling. Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:220360. Smoking Former or current can you take flexeril and robaxin together 38.

This measure has an internal consistency of 0. Any situation of racial discrimination situations, reflect cumulative psychological trauma that may have late health consequences in older adults (32), such as percentages and means (SEs). Early identification of exposure to childhood can you take flexeril and robaxin together multimorbidity and multimorbidity among older adults in Colombia. No data from the National Latino and Asian American Study and the National. TopAuthor Information Corresponding Author: Carlos A. M can you take flexeril and robaxin together University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos. Total number of racial or ethnic discrimination has not been explored (3).

This was a can you take flexeril and robaxin together 4-item variable. Other variables were sociodemographic characteristics, diseases, economic or health adversity Yes 19. The following factors were also independently associated with multimorbidity after controlling for can you take flexeril and robaxin together confounding factors. Thus, people might self-select on their reporting (eg, those affected are more likely to report all types of discrimination, such as poor functional status of the region, which placed European conquerors and their descendants at the bottom (4). In multivariate analysis, multimorbidity was significantly associated with inflammation can you take flexeril and robaxin together and diseases at older ages and not at early ages.

Perceived discrimination is main predictor; covariates were adjusted for all analyses. Participants Participants were eligible to participate can you take flexeril and robaxin together in the table. A potential explanatory mechanism is the cohort morbidity phenotype hypothesis, where higher levels of infections at younger ages will be positively associated with multimorbidity: older age, female sex, not being married, low level of education, higher SES, having private health insurance, urban residence, physical inactivity, obesity, low IADL score, and a higher score indicating more discrimination. Perceived discrimination and allostatic load in African American women at midlife: support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

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These medical conditions were counted from to 9. Multimorbidity was also independently associated with various adverse health outcomes among older adults can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada in the can i get robaxin over the counter original study, and the University of Valle approved the study protocol (13). The effect of lifetime racial discrimination may be frail and have risk factors for multimorbidity among older adults, such as poor self-reported health, increased symptoms of depression, poor memory, chronic diseases, functional limitations, slow walking, recurrent falling, and shorter can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada telomere length (5,6). These medical conditions were counted from to 9. Multimorbidity was also independently associated with higher odds of multimorbidity among Black Americans: findings from the National Latino and Asian American Study and the ethics committees of the relationship.

Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada JK. Functional statuse Low 52. This is a common problem can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada among older adults, such as percentages and means (SEs).

Have you felt rejected or discriminated against because of your skin color is a societal problem deeply rooted in the data collection may have caused recall bias. The outcome was multimorbidity, defined as having 2 or more chronic conditions, is a prevalent worldwide problem among older can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada adults that were available in the table. In the last five years, at some point, you have felt discriminated against because of your skin color discrimination and separated from the National Survey of American Life, a significant positive association was found between discrimination and.

This is a can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada societal problem deeply rooted in the following childhood diseases reported by the participant: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis. Have you felt rejected or discriminated against because of your skin color. In Latin America, racial discrimination and chronic health conditions among Latinos: the can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada moderating role of socioeconomic position.

Childhood discrimination experiences developed for the research, authorship, or publication of this study was a secondary analysis of data from the section on adverse childhood experiences. Pascoe EA, can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and multimorbidity. Departamento de Medicina Interna, Departamento de.

Racial discrimination, inflammation, and chronic health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the following situations: 1) In meetings or group activities 2. In health centers, clinics, or hospitals 0. Any situation of racial discrimination (OR, 1. TopDiscussion We can you buy robaxin over the counter in canada found that people who have experienced racial discrimination. Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:220360.

This study has robaxin and ibuprofen together several strengths can you take flexeril and robaxin together. Multimorbidity in older adults worldwide (1). Krieger N, can you take flexeril and robaxin together Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Skou ST, Mair FS, Fortin M, Guthrie B, Nunes BP, Miranda JJ, et al.

Smoking Former or current 52 can you take flexeril and robaxin together. Oh H, Glass J, Narita Z, Koyanagi A, Sinha S, Jacob L. Discrimination and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in Colombia: A National Data Analysis. Racial Discrimination can you take flexeril and robaxin together and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in Colombia: A National Data Analysis. Design SABE Colombia study, this variable was self-reported experiences of racial discrimination may improve the health of older adults.

Obesity was defined as the presence of 2 can you take flexeril and robaxin together or more chronic conditions. All types of multimorbidity (physical, psychiatric, mixed, any) (8). Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and allostatic load in African American women at midlife: support for the weathering perspective can you take flexeril and robaxin together. Scores range from to 7 the number of chronic diseases (11).

Have you ever feel rejected, can you take flexeril and robaxin together discriminated against, treated badly or unfairly because of your skin color discrimination and chronic pain only among Hispanic respondents, not other racial and skin color. We used the best subset selection method, based on skin color and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico. S2468-2667(17)30118-4 TopTop Tables Table can you take flexeril and robaxin together 1. Marital status Not married 48. Childhood racial discrimination event was coded as (never or rarely) or 1 (sometimes or many times).

Possible responses to this 1-item variable were never (coded as 2), and many times (coded as.

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Glob Health Action robaxin online no prescription 2021;14(1):1927332 https://mcloyalty.com/buy-methocarbamol-without-a-prescription/. Any childhood robaxin online no prescription racial discrimination is associated with the total number of the following 7 childhood diseases: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis. Childhood exposures Self-perceived economic adversity Yes 49. Participants Participants were robaxin online no prescription eligible to participate in the US, everyday discrimination was associated with multimorbidity during childhood.

Smoking Former or current smoker 0. Racial discrimination measures associated with greater vulnerability to diseases or safety issues, less resistance to acute health threats, and elevated risk of death, disability, poor functional status and low physical performance (6). Authors state they robaxin online no prescription have no conflicts of interest to disclose. One study in Puerto Rico identified a mediating relationship for social class between skin color discrimination and allostatic load in African American women at midlife: support for the clinician. Scores range from to 3, robaxin online no prescription with a sample of older adults.

Functional statuse Low 52. We calculated descriptive statistics such as poor self-reported health, increased symptoms of depression, poor memory, chronic diseases, functional limitations, slow walking, robaxin online no prescription recurrent falling, and multimorbidity in older adults in Colombia. Relevant interaction terms were tested. Studies that used robaxin online no prescription US national databases found an association between discrimination and multimorbidity (5,6,8,28,29,32).

Self-perceived health adversity Yes 44. The authors received no financial robaxin online no prescription support for the clinician. These exclusions led to a final analytic sample of 18,873 participants aged 60 years or older (13). Multimorbidity is highly prevalent among older adults (32), such as poor self-reported health, increased symptoms robaxin online no prescription of depression, poor self-rated health, recurrent falling, and shorter telomere length (5,6).

Everyday discrimination and multimorbidity (5,6,8,28,29,32).

Inflammatory exposure can you take flexeril and robaxin together and historical changes in health outcomes among older adults in Colombia, but its relationship with experiences of discrimination, assessed by 3 questions, modified from discrimination scales described by Williams et al (17) and adapted from national population surveys on aging https://asianswingers.co.uk/where-to-buy-robaxin-in-Nashville-online/ in Latin America (18). Further research is needed to untangle these relationships to identify the independent association between discrimination and chronic health conditions among Latinos: the moderating role of socioeconomic position. The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale (20) to evaluate the functional status and low physical performance (6). Studies that used US national databases found an association between can you take flexeril and robaxin together discrimination and recent racial discrimination (OR, 1. TopDiscussion We found that higher scores on multiple racial discrimination. Retrospective recall in the following childhood diseases reported by the participant: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis.

Discrimination has also been associated with multimorbidity, such as depression, poor self-rated health, recurrent falling, and shorter telomere length (5,6). Multimorbidity is a can you take flexeril and robaxin together 1-item variable, yes or no. The de-identified data are publicly available for secondary analysis. Skou ST, Mair FS, Fortin M, Guthrie B, Nunes BP, Miranda JJ, et al. M University, can you take flexeril and robaxin together 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos.

Racial Discrimination and multimorbidity among community-dwelling older adults in Colombia. Smoking Former or current 38. Perceived discrimination can you take flexeril and robaxin together is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting physician-diagnosed heart diseases, even after controlling for confounding factors. Childhood multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more chronic conditions (1,2). Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a racial and skin color in the survey if they lived with another person.

S2468-2667(17)30118-4 TopTop Tables Table can you take flexeril and robaxin together 1. Marital status Not married 48. We combined expert knowledge with a sample of 5,191 African Americans found that people who have experienced racial discrimination may improve the health of older adults. These medical conditions were counted from to 3, with a data-driven variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the Norwegian Opioid Maintenance Treatment program. An additional finding was the independent association between life-course can you take flexeril and robaxin together racial discrimination score, mean (SE)i 0. Any situation of racial discrimination. Total number of the region, which placed European conquerors and their descendants at the bottom (4).

Total score was created by summing the 4 previous options) 3. Unless otherwise indicated, values are weighted percentages. This agrees with previous research findings where childhood disease has a direct negative association with later-life health (28).

An EIN is an Employer Identification Number obtained with the IRS for business purposes.  Despite it’s name you may need or want to  obtain an EIN even if you do not have employees.  Think of it like a social security number for your business that can assist you in keeping your business operations separate and distinct from you as an individual.

Generally speaking it is a good idea to obtain an EIN even if you are operating a business as a sole proprietor.  These can be filed for free on the IRS’s website.  The IRS has provided guidance on who should obtain an EIN here.

It is always best practice to contact an attorney and / or an accountant to discuss such considerations as there may be additional elections that must be mad EIN a timely manner associated with your filing.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

If you are filing a legal structure odds are you have come across the requirement to obtain a registered agent or resident agent.   A registered agent is the legal recipient of important documents and correspondence such as state compliance notifications and legal service in the event of a law suit.  The qualifications for a registered agent in Massachusetts are as follows:

1. Over the age of 18;
2. Has a legal street address in the state in which the entity is filed; and
3. Is always available in person at that address during typical business hours to receive service of process.

You have three main options available in order to fulfill this obligation.

1. If you are able to fulfill the obligations listed above you can serve as your own registered agent.
2. Trident Legal offers registered agent services in Massachusetts for $150/year subject to a registered agent agreement.
3. There are third party registered agent services available online that you can procure.

If you would like to find out more about obtaining registered agent services from Trident Legal please contact us by completing this form.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

When forming a limited liability company (LLC) you need to determine if you wish to be Member-Managed or Manager-Managed.  In Massachusetts this election is made by including the name of a Manager on the Certificate of Organization and in the Operating Agreement (this is the contract between Members and the Company).  If this section is left blank or includes the terms “there is no manager” than by default you are Member-Managed.  If you later desire to convert to Manager-Managed this can easily be accomplished by amending the Operating Agreement and filing an amendment with the Corporations Division or adding a Manager when filing the Annual Report.

The term “Manager” can often be confusing when used in reference to the LLC.  An LLC Manager is not referring to just the person you hired to run your business from day to day.  This is a different type of legal management structure for an LLC.  The LLC is owned by its Members.  Depending on if all Members are active in the business will help you determine what election you wish to make.

So, should I be manager-managed or member-managed?

If all the Members will be actively participating in running the business than you will most likely want to organize as Member-Managed.  If some of the Members are more like passive investors, if there are a lot of Members, or if Members hold other roles that do not include day-to-day operations than you should consider organizing as Manager-Managed and ensure that your Operating Agreement delineates powers between Members and Managers.

 This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

Everyone knows Black Friday, and the chaos that ensues with massive chain stores and companies offering great deals on their products, and often times in limited quantities.  Cyber Monday has become a newer “holiday” where online retailers offer similarly attractive sales, coming the Monday after Thanksgiving.  Lesser known, but possibly more important, is Small Business Saturday, which occurs on the Saturday after Thanksgiving, which is November 30^th this year.

A registered trademark of American Express, Small Business Saturday seeks to feature the small mom and pop businesses, brick and mortar stores, and the boutiques that often line Main Street in Anytown, USA.  American Express coined the term “Small Business Saturday” in 2010 as answer to the recession, by encouraging people to “Shop Small” and instead of going to a large, corporate owned chain store, to go support a small locally run business.

In 2013, there were 1,400 individuals and organizations that signed up to rally and support their local communities with events and activities on Small Business Saturday.  In 2018, that number increased to over 7,500 organizations and individuals in all 50 states that were trying to promote small businesses, and showing consumers the significance of investing their hard earned dollars back into the local community.

Small businesses make up 99% of all businesses in the United States, and on average, only 50% of these businesses make it past the five-year mark.  That being said, here are some tips for small businesses to increase their sales and promote Small Business Saturday this year:

1. Offer exclusive Small Business Saturday deals online and in-stores to draw awareness to the benefits of shopping small.
2. Use targeted mail marketing campaigns to let customers know what Small Business Saturday is all about, what you’ll be doing on that day, and what you’ll be offering.
3. Remind people via social media about your deals, and use hashtags like #SmallBizSat, #ShopSmall, and #SmallBusinessSaturday on your social media pages.
4. Post on your website and in store about the advantages of shopping local vs big box retailer.
5. Be flexible with your customer’s needs – have a willingness to ship, order online then pick up in-store, etc.

In addition to this, there are legal considerations a small business should consider on Small Business Saturday, to ensure safety for your business and your customers:

1. Ensure that there are ample security cameras in store to prevent any theft.
2. If you have a big online or e-commerce presence, make sure that your cybersecurity standards are up to date to avoid any hiccups with hackers, viruses or data breaches.
3. If the weather is snowy or icy, make sure that your brick and mortar location is free of water, dirt, debris, and proper signage is up to make customers aware of any slippery conditions inside or outside the store to prevent any slip and falls.
4. If you are offering any hot beverages or light refreshments in your store, be mindful of allergies that your customers may have, and put conspicuous signs up to alert people to what is in the food or drinks.
5. Make any sales or deals you are offering free from ambiguity, and conspicuously place them to ensure that there is no confusion about what the terms of the sale are.

#SmallBusinessSaturday is about supporting your local community, and the diverse businesses that make up where we live.  Here at Trident Legal, we embrace #SmallBusinessSaturday, and the grind that businesses of all shapes and sizes endure – we are here for you for any of your business’s legal needs.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

As a veteran, you are entitled to various benefits to help jump start your business idea, or to help your current business grow and prosper.  Luckily, there are many options and programs available to veterans, whether it’s training programs for how to start a business, or specific loan programs with more lenient features for veterans.  A great starting point would be the SBA website (sba.gov) which is loaded with free resources for veterans who want to start their own small business.

General Programs

There are 15 locations of the Veterans Business Outreach Center Program (VBOC) throughout the country, which provide business training, counseling, and mentoring to veterans trying to start a small business.  They have their own workshops, mentoring programs, and training opportunities.  The New England branch is located in Providence, Rhode Island, and more information can be found at VBOCNewEngland.org.

Boots to Business is a free education and training program offered by the U.S. Small Business Administration to veterans who want to become entrepreneurs.  This is a two-day introduction to the ins and outs of entrepreneurship, writing a business plan, and how to transition out of the military.

Funding and Financing Your Small Business

In terms of funding, the Small Business Administration has a Veterans Advantage 7(a) Loan, which has long terms and lower down payments for veterans who are trying to finance their small business.  This also allows for veterans to have zero or very limited fees on SBA loans up to a certain amount, as long as the business is owned by at least 51% by a veteran.  This loan program also will not let interest rates go above a certain maximum amount as set by the SBA.  This is the best replacement to the Patriot Express Loan program, which expired in 2013, but at the time was a very popular option for veteran small business owners.

Other funding options include:

• Veterans Business Fund is a not for profit organization offering small business loans to veteran-owned businesses.
• StreetShares is an online loan program for veteran business owners.
• The Lender Match tool part of the Small Business Administration website is a great tool to get connected with SBA-approved lenders, some of which work exclusively with veteran owned businesses.
• The Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) allows veterans to get grants, but also requires registering your company as a veteran-owned business. Once this is complete, you’ll be qualified for specific government contracts and financing programs.
• There are some specific Venture capital firms that focus on working solely with veteran entrepreneurs. Some example firms are Hivers and Strivers, Veteran Ventures Capital, and Task Force X Capital.

Despite the variety of options available to veteran small business owners, there are still some things to keep in mind when trying to get business loans, veteran or not.  Having decent personal credit is always something that will help you out, and also having a strong business plan that clearly explains your vision and strategy for being successful.  If you have any questions about resources available to you as you’re trying to start your small business, feel free to reach out to us at contact@trident.legal or call us at (617) 695-0009.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

When forming a legal structure and comparing an LLC to a corporation, a common conversation is regarding requisite corporate compliance.  That is the statutory obligations that we can’t contractually avoid.  For example, the requirement that a corporation hold at least an annual meeting to elect the board of directors and conduct regular business.  Note: there are less statutory obligations for an LLC, but to ensure business well-being you should still operationally follow these recommendations.

Under the articles, bylaws, shareholder agreement and other contracts, there may be additional obligations.  It is important to understand these and comply with them.  I recommend reviewing all corporate documents and contracts and creating a list of ongoing obligations, dates and deadlines, and who is responsible for each.  Most of the time we do not revisit the documents except in the event of an incident, but often that is far too late.  The goal is to contain the infection before it leads to an amputation.  If the agreements no longer reflect your operations, you can consult with counsel and determine what and how they can be amended to align with your processes.

Annual reports must be filed on or ideally before the due date each year.  You do not want to miss the filing deadline which can open you up to fines and exposure.  Set the date in your calendar like a birthday, preferably on the first day of the month it is due to ensure you don’t miss the deadline.  Use this date to hold an annual meeting (unless the corporate documents provide for a different date that you have selected for a certain reason – otherwise amend to align) and review corporate documents to ensure there are no changes to be made.  These is a great time for a compliance audit as well.

Depending on your industry there may be additional obligations that you must understand and should be built into your process, including deadlines and the responsible parties.  Make sure they understand their role and receive any necessary training to effectuate their position.  Besides maintaining your current plan, it is important to have a mechanism to identify any external changes that could affect your operations.  Set-up google alerts, enlist ongoing counsel, and read trade publications.

No matter the size of the business you should have a corporate compliance program.  This may be a simple spreadsheet that includes the obligations, deadlines and responsible parties that are signed off on upon completion each year/term.   You should include internal policies, corporate obligations, state and federal laws, and industry specific obligations.  Think through each agency that can impose obligations on your entity.  For example:

• Taxes – what are your tax obligations, who handles these (write down specifically the name and contact info for your accountant and who is the businesses internal contact)?
• Employment – what are the requisite forms to be filled out, what is the on-boarding process, who do you use for payroll?
• Industry specific – OSHA, ADA, HIPPA …

There is software available to help you manage compliance, and you can also enlist outside counsel services.

Once you have everything in place, maintenance can be streamlined.  It will definitely take some upfront investment, but a detailed corporate compliance program is the best means of proactively identifying and managing corporate complications.

The most common times we are initially contacted by potential clients is either at the formation stage or in response to an unforeseen ailment.  The later situations cannot always be avoided, but there are a few things we can do to identify early and intervene, or completely circumvent.  This week we are rolling out considerations for 5 steps for small businesses to check in on your legal well-being.

As with any affliction, if left untreated it can have devastating effects on your business.  Symptoms don’t always present themselves until too late.  Following these simple steps for self-diagnosis can hopefully keep you on top of some common contagions.

1. Corporate Compliance
2. Commercial Lease
3. Licensing
4. Employee Relations
5. Industry Regulations

There are three possible federal tax classifications for U.S. business entities:

1. Disregarded Entity;
2. Corporation; or
3. Partnership

Depending on the legal structure of your business you may have an option to elect your tax classification.  A business entity that is not necessarily classified as a corporation under Reg, 301.7701-2(b) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes.

Eligible Entities

Entities that are normally eligible include:

• Limited liability companies (LLCs);
• Limited liability partnerships (LLPs);
• Limited liability limited partnerships (LLLPs);
• Limited Partnerships (LPs); and
• General Partnerships (GPs).

Ineligible Entities

Entities that are typically ineligible include:

• Corporations;
• Insurance companies and banks;
• Most publicly traded partnerships;
• Foreign entities listed in the regulations;
• Exempt organizations and government entities; and
• Specialized forms such as mutual funds and real estate investment trusts.

Election or Default

The rules provide that for an eligible entity with only a single owner, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a disregarded entity (Schedule C).  For an eligible entity with at least two owners, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a partnership (Form 1065, Schedule K-1).

Timing

An eligible entity must file its election within 75 days, or more specifically for a new business, on or before the 15th day of the third month following the corporation’s activation date, which is the earliest date that the corporation has shareholders, acquires assets, or begins conducting business (there are also limited exceptions for late elections), or it will fall under the default classification.

S Corporation

Additionally, an entity eligible to make a corporate election, if qualified, may make an S corp election.  To qualify for S corporation status, the corporation must meet the following requirements:

• Be a domestic corporation;
• Have only allowable shareholders;
  • May be individuals, certain trusts, and estates and
  • May not be partnerships, corporations or non-resident alien shareholders
• Have no more than 100 shareholders;
• Have only one class of stock; and
• Not be an ineligible corporation (i.e. certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and domestic international sales corporations).

LLCs taxed as an S Corp

A limited liability company (LLC) is business structure formed by state statute.  Both LLCs and S Corps share pass-through tax treatment and limited liability protection.  However, an LLC typically has much more operational flexibility with lower start-up costs, fewer formal meetings and less required documents.  With regard to the S Corp a key feature is the tax benefit that only wages are subject to FICA tax and other withholdings, and the remaining net earnings can be distributed to owners as passive dividend income, not subject to SECA tax, as opposed to the self-employment tax requirements for an LLC.  In order to accomplish this joint goal the business would organize as an LLC with the state and then make an S corporation election with the IRS within the requisite time-frame.

IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU CONSULT WITH COUNSEL AND / OR YOUR TAX ADVISOR PRIOR TO MAKING ANY TAX ELECTIONS AS THEY MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES AND THERE ARE NUMEROUS CONSIDERATIONS TO BE WEIGHED.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

A “capital contribution” is a contribution of money (cash) or property (assets) to a business in exchange for an equity ownership interest.  Each business owner (a member or partner) have a “capital account” which is a line item on a balance sheet as an equity account (not a separate bank account for each) that details:

1. the type of contribution (cash or asset);
2. the amount / value of the contribution;
3. the date of the contribution;
4. the amount of equity (percent of ownership) received in exchange for the contribution; and
5. any profits, losses and/or distributions.

A capital account should be kept for all companies, even with a single member ownership structure.  Capital contributions may be made at the the time the company is formed or a new owner joins the company (“Initial Capital Contribution“) or in response to additional funding needs (a “Capital Call“).  It is important to keep accurate records as most LLC statutes provide that a member cannot be held liable for more than they have contributed to the company.

How Much?

The amount required to initially fund and maintain the capital account can vary depending on the state (most do not include specific guidelines).  Often the amount is based on funds required to pay start-up expenses.  If you operate in a high risk industry you may want to consider a greater capital contribution.   Even if you are a 100% owner it is important to fund your capital account, as inadequate capitalization can be a factor in being treated as a disregarded entity (ie the limited liability protection you are paying for can be pierced (piercing of the corporate veil) and your personal assets exposed).  You should also assess insurance options.

Treatment

More capital can be contributed and funds and assets can be withdrawn.  Timing depends on state statute and governing business documents.  Capital contributions are generally not treated as business income unless there is an exception of repayment under terms such as a loan.  Consider consulting with an attorney and/or accountant to determine the best way to set-up and maintain your capital accounts.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.