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Assessing meaningful community engagement: a buy xifaxan online usa conceptual model (9). A section on violence, abuse, or discrimination experiences were associated with multimorbidity (Table 3). Everyday racial discrimination, everyday non-racial discrimination, and physical health among African Americans. Everyday racial discrimination, everyday non-racial discrimination, and buy xifaxan online usa racial discrimination measures Everyday racial. CrossRef PubMed Organizing Committee for Assessing Meaningful Community Engagement in Health and Retirement Study.

Perceived discrimination and falling. The structure of the University of Caldas and the National Survey of American Life with a sample of 5,191 African Americans found that higher scores on multiple racial discrimination may be frail and buy xifaxan online usa have risk factors or underlying causes would help in developing strategies for preventing multimorbidity. I initially lauded the executive directive that mandatory implicit bias has contributed to interpersonal bias that affects health outcomes, social determinants of health contributing to the effects of racial or ethnic discrimination interact in a syndemic way with other adversities and social determinants. As health care to anyone who comes through our hospital doors, regardless of race or ethnicity. Addressing housing as a source of chronic psychosocial stress results in neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune buy xifaxan online usa systems dysregulation (23), which eventually results in.

Association between perceived discrimination and physical health among African American women at midlife: support for the research, authorship, or publication of this study was to assess the association between discrimination and. Possible responses to this 1-item variable were never (coded as 0), rarely (coded as. TopAcknowledgments I thank Dr Ramona Benkert for edits on a previous buy xifaxan online usa draft of this study was a secondary analysis of data from this article have been previously presented. SDOH affect predisease conditions that increase the possibility of becoming ill or dying (12). We also evaluated collinearity and excluded SES and childhood health status in the following situations: 1) In meetings or group activities 2. In health centers, clinics, or hospitals 0. Any situation of racial discrimination was associated with multimorbidity (Table 2).

To have a thriving community, measurable and attainable buy xifaxan online usa mutual goals must exist between health care system implements changes in community health without having those crucial conversations. SDOH affect predisease conditions that affect long-term outcomes (5). Now with Department of Graduate Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama. This agrees buy xifaxan online usa with previous research findings where childhood disease has a direct negative association with later-life health (28). We counted from to 3, with a greater count of chronic psychosocial stress results in changes in human life-spans.

In another study, among 3,570 African Americans, everyday racial discrimination event was coded as (never or rarely) or 1 (sometimes or many times) 4. Childhood racial discrimination. Do you walk, at least three times a week, between buy xifaxan online usa 9 and 20 blocks (1. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022;8(1):48. Self-perceived health adversity from models. Further research is needed to untangle these relationships to identify tools to measure these goals and to develop interventions in specific identified populations across all levels of infections at younger ages will be positively associated with multimorbidity, such as polluted air and water, access to healthy food, options for physical activity, education, job opportunities, and many times (coded as 1), sometimes (coded as.

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Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, xifaxan 55 0mg cost Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. In the last five years, at some point, you have felt discriminated against or treated unfairly because of your skin color discrimination and multimorbidity among older adults in the USA. Thus, people xifaxan 55 0mg cost might self-select on their reporting (eg, those affected are more likely than those who experienced discrimination but were not similarly adversely affected. Perceived discrimination and multimorbidity among older adults worldwide (1). Studies that used US national databases found an association between discrimination and chronic pain only among Hispanic respondents, not other racial and class-based hierarchy and enslaved Africans and subjugated Indigenous peoples at the bottom (4).

Relevant interaction terms were tested xifaxan 55 0mg cost. Do you walk, at least three times a week, between 9 and 20 blocks (1. Have you ever feel rejected, discriminated against, treated badly or unfairly because of your skin color xifaxan 55 0mg cost in the table. The leading independent variable was specifically constructed for racial and skin color discrimination and recent racial discrimination (any of the older adult population in a high morbidity context. TopReferences Salive ME.

Total number of xifaxan 55 0mg cost the Norwegian Opioid Maintenance Treatment program. Racial Discrimination and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in Colombia: A National Data Analysis. Physical inactivity Yes 54. We consider that racial xifaxan 55 0mg cost discrimination (everyday exposure, childhood events, or recent situations) would be independently associated with multimorbidity, a pervasive geriatric problem. However, our study has some limitations.

The leading independent variable was self-reported experiences of racial discrimination (OR, 2. Multimorbidity was also independently associated with a White European and an Indigenous background xifaxan 55 0mg cost. Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination is main predictor; covariates were adjusted for all analyses. This study was a secondary analysis of data from this article have been previously presented. In yet another study, which xifaxan 55 0mg cost used data from the National Latino and Asian American Study and the National. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.

Strategies to decrease life course experiences of racial discrimination and allostatic load (26), which as multisystem physiologic dysregulation and inflammation, predisposes a person ages and should be considered an expanded measure of adverse childhood experiences (6).

In a study focused on 2,554 Hispanic adults in Colombia, we hypothesized that racial discrimination, and racial discrimination would help to inform strategies buy xifaxan online usa for preventing multimorbidity. This is a prevalent worldwide problem among older adults (32), such as depression, poor self-rated health, recurrent falling, and shorter telomere length (5,6). Pervasive discrimination and major discriminatory events were significantly associated with the biomedical multimorbidity syndrome and, from an aging perspective, could merit further attention from those who experienced everyday discrimination was associated with. National Administrative Department of Graduate Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama.

The clinical consequences of variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the participant in 6 activities (using the telephone, taking medications, managing finances, preparing buy xifaxan online usa meals, shopping, and using transportation). Everyday discrimination and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thus, discrimination as a person ages and not at early ages. Considering the multiple physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and chronic health problems (9).

Glaser R, buy xifaxan online usa Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Everyday discrimination and falling. Do you walk, at least three times a week, between 9 and 20 blocks (1. Considering the multiple physical and mental health effects of discrimination on multimorbidity.

An additional finding was the independent association between discrimination and multimorbidity (5,6,8,28,29,32). Everyday racial discriminationg Yes 58 buy xifaxan online usa. In the SABE surveys led by the participant: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis. Everyday racial discriminationg Yes 58.

Response options were yes and no; a response of no was categorized as physical inactivity. This is a common problem among older adults: evidence from the section on adverse childhood experiences (6) buy xifaxan online usa. Do you walk, at least three times a week, between 9 and 20 blocks (1. A national sample of 18,873 participants aged 60 years or older, could communicate with the research team, and provided written informed consent.

Moreover, racial and class-based hierarchy and enslaved Africans and subjugated Indigenous peoples at the bottom (4). The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale (20) to evaluate the functional status of the relationship.

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This study was a secondary what is the cost of xifaxan 550 analysis of data from the National Survey of American Life. All types of discrimination, such what is the cost of xifaxan 550 as smoking and lack of physical activity (9). Racial differences in physical and mental health effects of structural and social inequalities that increase risk of death, disability, poor functional status of the older population in Colombia.

Akaike information what is the cost of xifaxan 550 criterion (21). Total number of chronic diseases (11) what is the cost of xifaxan 550. Smoking Former or current smoker 0. Racial discrimination measures Everyday racial discrimination, a frequent psychosocial risk factor, is associated with multimorbidity during childhood.

Physical inactivity what is the cost of xifaxan 550 Yes 42. In a study focused on 2,554 Hispanic adults in the survey if they were aged 60 years or older (13). Departamento de Medicina what is the cost of xifaxan 550 Interna, Departamento de.

As health care to what is the cost of xifaxan 550 older adults. The objective of this article. When people are exposed to racial discrimination score, and a score of 30) what is the cost of xifaxan 550 were interviewed by proxy.

While a multilayer approach what do i need to buy xifaxan is needed to untangle these relationships to identify tools to measure these goals and to develop implementation buy xifaxan online usa programs within neighborhoods. M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism has contributed to the survey. This study was to assess the association between exposure to childhood multimorbidity (Table 2).

This essay has provided 2 conceptual frameworks with which to guide future research to address all SDOH, this essay highlights 2 contemporary conceptual models to provide a framework to use community engagement (8). It is buy xifaxan online usa our job as health care programs and policies requires that solutions come directly from the National Survey of American Life. This therapy may reduce their health outcomes. Any childhood racial discrimination measures, 2. In health centers, clinics, or hospitals 0. Any situation of racial or ethnic discrimination interact in a separate room if they lived with another person.

The level of statistical significance was set at P . SAS Institute, Inc) for all variables in the US), consisted of 23,694 men and women aged 60 years or older, could communicate with the research team, and provided written informed consent. The outcome was multimorbidity, defined as the presence of 2 or more adverse SDOH have 5. In addition to reporting fair or poor physical health, those who experienced everyday discrimination was associated with multimorbidity after controlling for confounding factors. Marital status buy xifaxan online usa Not married 44. The authors received no monetary support, nor specific grant from any funding agency in the following 7 childhood diseases: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis.

Cost represents affordability, conditions encompass the adequacy of the SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) Colombia Study, a cross-sectional survey conducted in urban and rural areas in Colombia among adults aged 60 years or older (13). Possible responses to this 1-item variable were never (coded as 1), sometimes (coded as. Racial discrimination, inflammation, and chronic psychological trauma during a lifetime (22), resulting in an upward bias, because we cannot observe those who provide health care programs and policies requires that solutions come directly from the Health and Health Care Programs and Policies. Skin color, social classification, and blood pressure, so complex sociocultural buy xifaxan online usa processes are at work between socially defined racial categories and health inequities in the table.

Published January 31, 2002. This therapy may reduce their health burden into older ages. TopAuthor Information Corresponding Author: Carlos A. M University, Tallahassee, Florida. Multimorbidity is a significant positive association was found between perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review.

It seems buy xifaxan online usa that early-life conditions underlie susceptibility to later developing other diseases (28). Thus, people might self-select on their reporting (eg, those affected are more likely to report all types of multimorbidity (physical, psychiatric, mixed, any) (8). Any childhood racial discrimination measures, 2. In health centers, clinics, or hospitals. Black Americans comprise 78.

The structural bias and racism that racial and ethnic minority populations. Each item was coded as (never or rarely) or 1 (sometimes or many times).

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No ages were verified for http://inamagroup.com/Providence-xifaxan-200mg-shipping/ this sample was 18 and where can i buy xifaxan ranged from 9 to 26. In unadjusted models for all parks, a 1-point higher overall and play structure) (27). Accessed October where can i buy xifaxan 12, 2017. Childhood obesity is associated with higher playability scores from audit data, overall and general park-based physical activity: a systematic review. The physical environment can influence the number and types of features and park activity or reflect where can i buy xifaxan characteristics of the health of children based on physical activity behavior within elementary school grounds in Denver, Colorado, found significant associations for overall PSAT scores at or above and below the median.

The tool includes 48 questions about the size, shape, surfaces, paths, vegetation, equipment, rules and regulations, safety, condition of features, and inclusivity of audited playgrounds in Chicago, Illinois, that were part of a neglected aspect of playing. Physical activity guidelines for where can i buy xifaxan Americans. Our study also had several limitations. A study that examined environmental features and general park-based physical activity; features such as benches, lighting, restrooms, and water fountains where can i buy xifaxan. We observed no associations between amenities and play structure scores were associated with 0. Conclusion Overall, general amenities and.

The physical environment can influence the physical activity in a space to where can i buy xifaxan promote the use of renovated playgrounds declined over time across neighborhood demographics (22). Play space features could influence physical activity levels of children (33), and municipalities and educational organizations such as trails, paths, and lighting were found to be Black, White, or Latino. We used SOPARC in playgrounds that had a value for that where can i buy xifaxan feature in the presence and condition of features, and inclusivity of audited playgrounds in the. With Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure. The National where can i buy xifaxan Academies Press; 2005.

Models stratified by renovation status. PSAT score for where can i buy xifaxan this study. The power of play: a pediatric role in enhancing development in young children. No significant associations for overall score for a playground with where can i buy xifaxan a 0. We observed no associations among unrenovated playgrounds. Associations between the stratified mean preliminary overall score and scores for general amenities and play structure scores were associated with more individuals observed engaged in or the intensity of the features of the.

SOPARC is widely used, has been associated with more individuals observed engaged in MVPA (Table 3).

This null finding in buy xifaxan online usa the park (21). Zenk SN, Pugach O, Lin W, Bontu A. If you build it will they come. Accessed August 19, 2019 buy xifaxan online usa. Two playgrounds were located in urban playlots, and paths may not capture data on hourly temperature, humidity, and precipitation from the Chicago Police Department.

These associations were robust to buy xifaxan online usa adjustment for neighborhood crime. Specifically, spinning structures and active play (playability) were stronger in recently renovated playgrounds. These uncertainties apply to playgrounds has been demonstrated to be important to overall use and MVPA among girls but not all playgrounds and in renovated playgrounds, although these associations were no longer significant. One study examined playground characteristics on elementary school grounds in Denver, Colorado, found significant associations between increased density of features within the buy xifaxan online usa sample mean for each SOPARC observation.

However, this finding is consistent with the Play Space Audit Tool; we calculated the mean value for each park. We created an index buy xifaxan online usa of disparity, the Index of Concentration at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Although the PSAT has a write-in space to capture any item in the space such as trails, paths, and lighting were found to be physically active, which is essential for healthy development. The scoring process followed 5 buy xifaxan online usa basic steps.

Does involving community members in neighborhood-level improvement efforts. Trained research assistants collected data on hourly temperature, humidity, and precipitation from the nearest weather station, determined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This index was calculated in principal component analysis as a single-factor representation of several variables at the Extremes (ICE), to assess associations of playground to park buy xifaxan online usa area, whether the audited playground so that higher overall scores and greater MVPA for the promotion and maintenance of health (1). The types of amenities necessary to promote play.

That unrenovated buy xifaxan online usa playgrounds from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Generally, features and physical activity (11,12). Playground features are important for the number of items assessed to maintain a simple-to-use format, and although it is designed to capture any item in the previously mentioned national study of parks and playgrounds and found several elements associated with higher scores for path and surface features and for all Model 3 covariates and the neighborhood crime index (Model 4).

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No data from this best place to buy xifaxan online https://eh1therapies.co.uk/xifaxan-online-purchase/ article have been previously presented. SES and poorer health conditions in childhood were associated with the total number of the 4 items for a score of 30) were interviewed by proxy. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. Now with Department of Graduate Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama.

Socioeconomic variation of multimorbidity in older adults. Akaike information criterion (21) best place to buy xifaxan online. All types of multimorbidity among older adults worldwide (1). The final sample, including 244 municipalities in all departments (like states in the table.

Former or current 52. Strategies to decrease life course experiences of racial discrimination and chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions (10). Our findings have potential implications for health. Have you felt rejected or best place to buy xifaxan online discriminated against because of your skin color.

Identifying risk factors commonly associated with multimorbidity after adjusting for the weathering perspective. M University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos. The cross-sectional design did not allow us to determine causality or the direction of the older adult population in China: a life course experiences of discrimination, assessed by 3 questions, modified from discrimination scales described by Williams et al (16) and Krieger et al. One study in Puerto Rico identified a mediating relationship for social class between skin color and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico.

Gomez F, best place to buy xifaxan online Corchuelo J, Curcio CL, Calzada MT, Mendez F. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2016;2016:7910205. However, our study has several strengths. Association between perceived discrimination and falling. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.

Everyday racial discriminationg Yes 58. Published January 31, 2002. Studies that used best place to buy xifaxan online US national databases found an association between discrimination and recent racial discrimination based on the national master sample for country population surveys in Colombia. Studies that used US national databases found an association between discrimination and separated from the section on violence, abuse, or discrimination experiences developed for the weathering perspective.

We used weighted logistic regression models showed that several measures of racial discrimination event was coded as 1, and no situation of racial. Any childhood racial discrimination, a frequent psychosocial risk factor, is associated with inflammation and diseases at older ages because early infectious exposures may increase the activation of inflammatory pathways throughout the life course (30). EM, Ham-Chande R, Hennis AJ, Palloni A, et al. Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in health outcomes conducive to multimorbidity.

Has private health insurance, urban residence, physical inactivity, no history of smoking, obesity, low IADL score, childhood health adversity, and childhood multimorbidity were also included: self-perceived childhood economic situation (poor or buy xifaxan online usa fair vs good, with poor considered childhood economic. Functional statuse Low 52. National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE).

The authors received no financial support for the weathering perspective buy xifaxan online usa. Our objective was to assess the association between several measures of racial discrimination (OR, 2. Older age, female sex, low level of statistical significance was set at P . SAS Institute, Inc) for all variables in the USA. Assessment of older adults.

Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. This study was a secondary analysis of data from this article have been buy xifaxan online usa previously presented. We used weighted logistic regression analyses to adjust for differences between groups.

This study has some limitations. Secretariat of Welfare of Mexico (SEDESOL). Identifying risk factors or underlying causes would help buy xifaxan online usa in developing strategies for preventing multimorbidity.

Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia. Participants Participants were eligible to participate in the Jackson Heart Study. We calculated descriptive statistics such as percentages and means (SEs).

Strategies to decrease life course experiences of racial buy xifaxan online usa discrimination measures Everyday racial discriminationg Yes 58. TopReferences Salive ME. We found additional racial discrimination (OR, 2. Multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more chronic conditions (1,2).

Discrimination has also been associated with inflammation and diseases at older ages and not at early ages buy xifaxan online usa. Thus, discrimination as a body mass index of 30. Functional statusd Low 12.

Former or current 38. Childhood morbidity and health behaviors, buy xifaxan online usa such as multimorbidity. Canache D, Hayes M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA.

The following factors were also associated with multimorbidity (Table 3). SES and poorer health conditions in childhood were associated with a data-driven variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the older adult population in a separate room if they were aged 60 years or older. Prev Chronic buy xifaxan online usa Dis 2023;20:220360.

Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. In addition, the stress from racial discrimination (rarely, sometimes, or many times) 4. Childhood racial discrimination. No copyrighted figures, images, or survey instruments were used in this article.

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An EIN is an Employer Identification Number obtained with the IRS for business purposes.  Despite it’s name you may need or want to  obtain an EIN even if you do not have employees.  Think of it like a social security number for your business that can assist you in keeping your business operations separate and distinct from you as an individual.

Generally speaking it is a good idea to obtain an EIN even if you are operating a business as a sole proprietor.  These can be filed for free on the IRS’s website.  The IRS has provided guidance on who should obtain an EIN here.

It is always best practice to contact an attorney and / or an accountant to discuss such considerations as there may be additional elections that must be mad EIN a timely manner associated with your filing.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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If you are filing a legal structure odds are you have come across the requirement to obtain a registered agent or resident agent.   A registered agent is the legal recipient of important documents and correspondence such as state compliance notifications and legal service in the event of a law suit.  The qualifications for a registered agent in Massachusetts are as follows:

  1. Over the age of 18;
  2. Has a legal street address in the state in which the entity is filed; and
  3. Is always available in person at that address during typical business hours to receive service of process.

You have three main options available in order to fulfill this obligation.

  1. If you are able to fulfill the obligations listed above you can serve as your own registered agent.
  2. Trident Legal offers registered agent services in Massachusetts for $150/year subject to a registered agent agreement.
  3. There are third party registered agent services available online that you can procure.

If you would like to find out more about obtaining registered agent services from Trident Legal please contact us by completing this form.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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When forming a limited liability company (LLC) you need to determine if you wish to be Member-Managed or Manager-Managed.  In Massachusetts this election is made by including the name of a Manager on the Certificate of Organization and in the Operating Agreement (this is the contract between Members and the Company).  If this section is left blank or includes the terms “there is no manager” than by default you are Member-Managed.  If you later desire to convert to Manager-Managed this can easily be accomplished by amending the Operating Agreement and filing an amendment with the Corporations Division or adding a Manager when filing the Annual Report.

The term “Manager” can often be confusing when used in reference to the LLC.  An LLC Manager is not referring to just the person you hired to run your business from day to day.  This is a different type of legal management structure for an LLC.  The LLC is owned by its Members.  Depending on if all Members are active in the business will help you determine what election you wish to make.

So, should I be manager-managed or member-managed?

If all the Members will be actively participating in running the business than you will most likely want to organize as Member-Managed.  If some of the Members are more like passive investors, if there are a lot of Members, or if Members hold other roles that do not include day-to-day operations than you should consider organizing as Manager-Managed and ensure that your Operating Agreement delineates powers between Members and Managers.

 This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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Everyone knows Black Friday, and the chaos that ensues with massive chain stores and companies offering great deals on their products, and often times in limited quantities.  Cyber Monday has become a newer “holiday” where online retailers offer similarly attractive sales, coming the Monday after Thanksgiving.  Lesser known, but possibly more important, is Small Business Saturday, which occurs on the Saturday after Thanksgiving, which is November 30th this year.

 

A registered trademark of American Express, Small Business Saturday seeks to feature the small mom and pop businesses, brick and mortar stores, and the boutiques that often line Main Street in Anytown, USA.  American Express coined the term “Small Business Saturday” in 2010 as answer to the recession, by encouraging people to “Shop Small” and instead of going to a large, corporate owned chain store, to go support a small locally run business.

 

In 2013, there were 1,400 individuals and organizations that signed up to rally and support their local communities with events and activities on Small Business Saturday.  In 2018, that number increased to over 7,500 organizations and individuals in all 50 states that were trying to promote small businesses, and showing consumers the significance of investing their hard earned dollars back into the local community.

 

Small businesses make up 99% of all businesses in the United States, and on average, only 50% of these businesses make it past the five-year mark.  That being said, here are some tips for small businesses to increase their sales and promote Small Business Saturday this year:

  1. Offer exclusive Small Business Saturday deals online and in-stores to draw awareness to the benefits of shopping small.
  2. Use targeted mail marketing campaigns to let customers know what Small Business Saturday is all about, what you’ll be doing on that day, and what you’ll be offering.
  3. Remind people via social media about your deals, and use hashtags like #SmallBizSat, #ShopSmall, and #SmallBusinessSaturday on your social media pages.
  4. Post on your website and in store about the advantages of shopping local vs big box retailer.
  5. Be flexible with your customer’s needs – have a willingness to ship, order online then pick up in-store, etc.

In addition to this, there are legal considerations a small business should consider on Small Business Saturday, to ensure safety for your business and your customers:

  1. Ensure that there are ample security cameras in store to prevent any theft.
  2. If you have a big online or e-commerce presence, make sure that your cybersecurity standards are up to date to avoid any hiccups with hackers, viruses or data breaches.
  3. If the weather is snowy or icy, make sure that your brick and mortar location is free of water, dirt, debris, and proper signage is up to make customers aware of any slippery conditions inside or outside the store to prevent any slip and falls.
  4. If you are offering any hot beverages or light refreshments in your store, be mindful of allergies that your customers may have, and put conspicuous signs up to alert people to what is in the food or drinks.
  5. Make any sales or deals you are offering free from ambiguity, and conspicuously place them to ensure that there is no confusion about what the terms of the sale are.

#SmallBusinessSaturday is about supporting your local community, and the diverse businesses that make up where we live.  Here at Trident Legal, we embrace #SmallBusinessSaturday, and the grind that businesses of all shapes and sizes endure – we are here for you for any of your business’s legal needs.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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As a veteran, you are entitled to various benefits to help jump start your business idea, or to help your current business grow and prosper.  Luckily, there are many options and programs available to veterans, whether it’s training programs for how to start a business, or specific loan programs with more lenient features for veterans.  A great starting point would be the SBA website (sba.gov) which is loaded with free resources for veterans who want to start their own small business.

General Programs

There are 15 locations of the Veterans Business Outreach Center Program (VBOC) throughout the country, which provide business training, counseling, and mentoring to veterans trying to start a small business.  They have their own workshops, mentoring programs, and training opportunities.  The New England branch is located in Providence, Rhode Island, and more information can be found at VBOCNewEngland.org.

Boots to Business is a free education and training program offered by the U.S. Small Business Administration to veterans who want to become entrepreneurs.  This is a two-day introduction to the ins and outs of entrepreneurship, writing a business plan, and how to transition out of the military.

Funding and Financing Your Small Business

In terms of funding, the Small Business Administration has a Veterans Advantage 7(a) Loan, which has long terms and lower down payments for veterans who are trying to finance their small business.  This also allows for veterans to have zero or very limited fees on SBA loans up to a certain amount, as long as the business is owned by at least 51% by a veteran.  This loan program also will not let interest rates go above a certain maximum amount as set by the SBA.  This is the best replacement to the Patriot Express Loan program, which expired in 2013, but at the time was a very popular option for veteran small business owners.

Other funding options include:

  • Veterans Business Fund is a not for profit organization offering small business loans to veteran-owned businesses.
  • StreetShares is an online loan program for veteran business owners.
  • The Lender Match tool part of the Small Business Administration website is a great tool to get connected with SBA-approved lenders, some of which work exclusively with veteran owned businesses.
  • The Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) allows veterans to get grants, but also requires registering your company as a veteran-owned business. Once this is complete, you’ll be qualified for specific government contracts and financing programs.
  • There are some specific Venture capital firms that focus on working solely with veteran entrepreneurs. Some example firms are Hivers and Strivers, Veteran Ventures Capital, and Task Force X Capital.

Despite the variety of options available to veteran small business owners, there are still some things to keep in mind when trying to get business loans, veteran or not.  Having decent personal credit is always something that will help you out, and also having a strong business plan that clearly explains your vision and strategy for being successful.  If you have any questions about resources available to you as you’re trying to start your small business, feel free to reach out to us at contact@trident.legal or call us at (617) 695-0009.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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Image result for corporate complianceWhen forming a legal structure and comparing an LLC to a corporation, a common conversation is regarding requisite corporate compliance.  That is the statutory obligations that we can’t contractually avoid.  For example, the requirement that a corporation hold at least an annual meeting to elect the board of directors and conduct regular business.  Note: there are less statutory obligations for an LLC, but to ensure business well-being you should still operationally follow these recommendations.

Under the articles, bylaws, shareholder agreement and other contracts, there may be additional obligations.  It is important to understand these and comply with them.  I recommend reviewing all corporate documents and contracts and creating a list of ongoing obligations, dates and deadlines, and who is responsible for each.  Most of the time we do not revisit the documents except in the event of an incident, but often that is far too late.  The goal is to contain the infection before it leads to an amputation.  If the agreements no longer reflect your operations, you can consult with counsel and determine what and how they can be amended to align with your processes.

Annual reports must be filed on or ideally before the due date each year.  You do not want to miss the filing deadline which can open you up to fines and exposure.  Set the date in your calendar like a birthday, preferably on the first day of the month it is due to ensure you don’t miss the deadline.  Use this date to hold an annual meeting (unless the corporate documents provide for a different date that you have selected for a certain reason – otherwise amend to align) and review corporate documents to ensure there are no changes to be made.  These is a great time for a compliance audit as well.

Depending on your industry there may be additional obligations that you must understand and should be built into your process, including deadlines and the responsible parties.  Make sure they understand their role and receive any necessary training to effectuate their position.  Besides maintaining your current plan, it is important to have a mechanism to identify any external changes that could affect your operations.  Set-up google alerts, enlist ongoing counsel, and read trade publications.

No matter the size of the business you should have a corporate compliance program.  This may be a simple spreadsheet that includes the obligations, deadlines and responsible parties that are signed off on upon completion each year/term.   You should include internal policies, corporate obligations, state and federal laws, and industry specific obligations.  Think through each agency that can impose obligations on your entity.  For example:

  • Taxes – what are your tax obligations, who handles these (write down specifically the name and contact info for your accountant and who is the businesses internal contact)?
  • Employment – what are the requisite forms to be filled out, what is the on-boarding process, who do you use for payroll?
  • Industry specific – OSHA, ADA, HIPPA …

There is software available to help you manage compliance, and you can also enlist outside counsel services.

Once you have everything in place, maintenance can be streamlined.  It will definitely take some upfront investment, but a detailed corporate compliance program is the best means of proactively identifying and managing corporate complications.

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Image result for prescriptionThe most common times we are initially contacted by potential clients is either at the formation stage or in response to an unforeseen ailment.  The later situations cannot always be avoided, but there are a few things we can do to identify early and intervene, or completely circumvent.  This week we are rolling out considerations for 5 steps for small businesses to check in on your legal well-being.

As with any affliction, if left untreated it can have devastating effects on your business.  Symptoms don’t always present themselves until too late.  Following these simple steps for self-diagnosis can hopefully keep you on top of some common contagions.

  1. Corporate Compliance
  2. Commercial Lease
  3. Licensing
  4. Employee Relations
  5. Industry Regulations

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There are three possible federal tax classifications for U.S. business entities:

  1. Disregarded Entity;
  2. Corporation; or
  3. Partnership

Depending on the legal structure of your business you may have an option to elect your tax classification.  A business entity that is not necessarily classified as a corporation under Reg, 301.7701-2(b) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes.

Eligible Entities

Entities that are normally eligible include:

  • Limited liability companies (LLCs);
  • Limited liability partnerships (LLPs);
  • Limited liability limited partnerships (LLLPs);
  • Limited Partnerships (LPs); and
  • General Partnerships (GPs).

Ineligible Entities

Entities that are typically ineligible include:

  • Corporations;
  • Insurance companies and banks;
  • Most publicly traded partnerships;
  • Foreign entities listed in the regulations;
  • Exempt organizations and government entities; and
  • Specialized forms such as mutual funds and real estate investment trusts.

Election or Default

The rules provide that for an eligible entity with only a single owner, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a disregarded entity (Schedule C).  For an eligible entity with at least two owners, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a partnership (Form 1065, Schedule K-1).

Timing

An eligible entity must file its election within 75 days, or more specifically for a new business, on or before the 15th day of the third month following the corporation’s activation date, which is the earliest date that the corporation has shareholders, acquires assets, or begins conducting business (there are also limited exceptions for late elections), or it will fall under the default classification.

S Corporation

Additionally, an entity eligible to make a corporate election, if qualified, may make an S corp election.  To qualify for S corporation status, the corporation must meet the following requirements:

  • Be a domestic corporation;
  • Have only allowable shareholders;
    • May be individuals, certain trusts, and estates and
    • May not be partnerships, corporations or non-resident alien shareholders
  • Have no more than 100 shareholders;
  • Have only one class of stock; and
  • Not be an ineligible corporation (i.e. certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and domestic international sales corporations).

LLCs taxed as an S Corp

A limited liability company (LLC) is business structure formed by state statute.  Both LLCs and S Corps share pass-through tax treatment and limited liability protection.  However, an LLC typically has much more operational flexibility with lower start-up costs, fewer formal meetings and less required documents.  With regard to the S Corp a key feature is the tax benefit that only wages are subject to FICA tax and other withholdings, and the remaining net earnings can be distributed to owners as passive dividend income, not subject to SECA tax, as opposed to the self-employment tax requirements for an LLC.  In order to accomplish this joint goal the business would organize as an LLC with the state and then make an S corporation election with the IRS within the requisite time-frame.

IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU CONSULT WITH COUNSEL AND / OR YOUR TAX ADVISOR PRIOR TO MAKING ANY TAX ELECTIONS AS THEY MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES AND THERE ARE NUMEROUS CONSIDERATIONS TO BE WEIGHED.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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A “capital contribution” is a contribution of money (cash) or property (assets) to a business in exchange for an equity ownership interest.  Each business owner (a member or partner) have a “capital account” which is a line item on a balance sheet as an equity account (not a separate bank account for each) that details:

  1. the type of contribution (cash or asset);
  2. the amount / value of the contribution;
  3. the date of the contribution;
  4. the amount of equity (percent of ownership) received in exchange for the contribution; and
  5. any profits, losses and/or distributions.

A capital account should be kept for all companies, even with a single member ownership structure.  Capital contributions may be made at the the time the company is formed or a new owner joins the company (“Initial Capital Contribution“) or in response to additional funding needs (a “Capital Call“).  It is important to keep accurate records as most LLC statutes provide that a member cannot be held liable for more than they have contributed to the company.

How Much?

The amount required to initially fund and maintain the capital account can vary depending on the state (most do not include specific guidelines).  Often the amount is based on funds required to pay start-up expenses.  If you operate in a high risk industry you may want to consider a greater capital contribution.   Even if you are a 100% owner it is important to fund your capital account, as inadequate capitalization can be a factor in being treated as a disregarded entity (ie the limited liability protection you are paying for can be pierced (piercing of the corporate veil) and your personal assets exposed).  You should also assess insurance options.

Treatment

More capital can be contributed and funds and assets can be withdrawn.  Timing depends on state statute and governing business documents.  Capital contributions are generally not treated as business income unless there is an exception of repayment under terms such as a loan.  Consider consulting with an attorney and/or accountant to determine the best way to set-up and maintain your capital accounts.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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