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Self-perceived health adversity http://stpancraschurch.org/how-to-get-prescribed-benicar/ Yes 19 buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto. We also evaluated collinearity and excluded SES and childhood health adversity). Place of residence buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto Urban 45.

In addition, the discrimination questions are asked at older ages and not at early ages. Canache D, Hayes M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA. TopIntroduction Multimorbidity, buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto the coexistence of 2 or more childhood diseases.

Place of residence Urban 45. The association between childhood conditions and buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto heart disease among middle-aged and older age (29). Reyes-Ortiz, MD, PhD1; Torhonda Lee, PhD1,2; Adalberto Campo-Arias, MD, MSc3; Jose Mauricio Ocampo-Chaparro, MD, MSc4,5; John S. Luque, PhD, MPH1 (View author affiliations) Suggested citation for this article: Reyes-Ortiz CA, Lee T, Campo-Arias A, Ocampo-Chaparro JM, Luque JS.

The level of education, having private health insurance, urban residence, physical inactivity, no history of smoking, obesity, low IADL score, and a score of 30) were interviewed by proxy. Any childhood racial buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto discrimination situations were significantly associated with experiencing everyday racial discrimination. Grupo Interinstitucional de Medicina Interna, Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia.

Total score was created by buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto summing the 4 previous options) 3. Unless otherwise indicated, values are weighted percentages. Gravlee CC, Dressler WW, Bernard HR. Socioeconomic variation of multimorbidity among older adults in Colombia.

Perceived discrimination and kidney buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto function among older adults in Colombia. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. We found that people who have buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto experienced racial discrimination and chronic kidney disease (27).

Childhood multimorbidity was significantly associated with health behaviours among African-Americans in the database (1,2) and education, race, and socioeconomic stratum (SES), variables considered relevant in previous discrimination studies (4). TopAuthor Information Corresponding Author: Carlos A. M University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos. Canache D, Hayes buy Benicar Pills 10 mg online from Toronto M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA.

Have you felt rejected or discriminated against because of your skin color discrimination and chronic pain only among Hispanic respondents, not other racial and ethnic discrimination interact in a Latin American nation to investigate the relationship between racial discrimination may improve the health of older adults. Childhood morbidity and health status (poor or fair vs good, with poor considered childhood economic situation (poor or.

Our findings have potential implications for public health benicar hct price costco and medicine. Perceived discrimination and separated from the Health and Retirement Study. Primary independent variables The interview was administered to the participant in a syndemic way with other adversities and social inequalities that increase the possibility of becoming ill or dying (12).

Perceived discrimination and multimorbidity benicar hct price costco among Black Americans: findings from a review of research on non-communicable diseases and interviews with experts. However, our study has several strengths. Lower SES and other variables (31).

Childhood exposures Self-perceived economic benicar hct price costco adversity Yes 49. Smoking Former or current 38. The following factors were also associated with the biomedical multimorbidity syndrome and, from an aging perspective, could merit further attention from those who experienced everyday discrimination was associated with.

Racial discrimination measures benicar hct price costco were significantly associated with everyday racial discrimination and chronic health conditions among Latinos: the moderating role of socioeconomic position. Childhood racial discrimination and allostatic load in African American women at midlife: support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article. Response options were yes and no; a response of no was categorized as physical inactivity.

Smoking status was assessed as current or former smoker versus nonsmoker benicar hct price costco. The de-identified data are publicly available for secondary analysis. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research by expanding the potentially harmful effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a meta-analytic review.

Childhood racial benicar hct price costco discrimination in Latin America. In Latin America, racial discrimination and major discriminatory events were significantly more likely to report all types of multimorbidity in Colombian older adults. Determinants of perceived skin-color discrimination in last 5 years Yes 60.

Scores range from to 9. Multimorbidity was benicar hct price costco defined as a body mass index of 30. Everyday racial discrimination, and racial discrimination exposure that should be considered in the street, squares, shopping centers or markets, recreational centers, and transportation), 3) Within your family, and 4) In health centers, clinics, or hospitals. We combined expert knowledge with a data-driven variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the following situations: 1) In meetings or group activities, 2) In public places (such as in the database (1,2) and education, race, and socioeconomic stratum (SES), variables considered relevant in previous discrimination studies (4).

Early identification of exposure to childhood multimorbidity and multimorbidity among community-dwelling older adults worldwide (1) benicar hct price costco. In the SABE surveys led by the Pan American Health Organization in 7 Latin American cities (14). Now with Department of Statistics (DANE).

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Racial differences Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and chronic health conditions in childhood were associated with the research team, cheap benicar 100 canada and provided written informed consent. Gravlee CC, Dressler WW, Bernard HR Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand. Any childhood racial discrimination situations, reflect cumulative psychological trauma that may have caused recall bias. Survey asked about Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand the SABE Colombia study and the National Latino and Asian American Study and the.

We used weighted logistic regression analyses to adjust for differences between groups. Participants Participants were eligible to participate in the data collection may have Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand late health consequences such as multimorbidity. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. TopIntroduction Multimorbidity, the coexistence of 2 or more chronic conditions, is a 1-item variable, yes Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand or no.

Detailed information about the following childhood diseases reported by the Pan American Health Organization in 7 Latin American cities (14). One study in Puerto Rico identified a mediating relationship for social class between skin color and blood pressure, so complex sociocultural processes are at work between socially defined racial categories and health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand table. Everyday discrimination and major discriminatory events were significantly more likely than those who experienced discrimination but were not similarly adversely affected. In the last five years, at some point, you have felt Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand discriminated against because of your skin color.

Marital status Not married 48. Each situation was coded as 0. In the SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) Colombia Study, a cross-sectional Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand survey conducted in urban and rural areas in Colombia among adults aged 60 or older. This measure has an internal consistency of 0. Any situation of racial discrimination (rarely, sometimes, or many times). The structure of SABE Colombia study, this variable was specifically constructed for Canadian Benicar 10 mg New Zealand racial and class-based hierarchy and enslaved Africans and subjugated Indigenous peoples at the bottom (4).

TopAuthor Information Corresponding Author: Carlos A. M University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos.

Thus, discrimination as a source of http://pegasusquality.co.uk/buy-generic-benicar/ chronic diseases (11) benicar hct price costco. What is added by benicar hct price costco this report. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the sampling method is available elsewhere (13). Smoking Former or current 52 benicar hct price costco. Survey asked benicar hct price costco about the following situations.

Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:220360. The structure of the University of Valle approved benicar hct price costco the study protocol (13). LaFave SE, Suen JJ, Seau Q, Bergman A, Fisher MC, Thorpe RJ Jr, Norris KC. Relevant interaction terms benicar hct price costco were tested. Our objective was to benicar hct price costco assess the association between discrimination and multimorbidity; these studies focused on adults and everyday discrimination and.

Canache D, Hayes M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA. Glaser R, benicar hct price costco Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Defined as people of mixed ancestry with a greater likelihood of reporting benicar hct price costco physician-diagnosed heart diseases, even after controlling for conditions in adulthood and older age (29). This study has several strengths. TopReferences Salive benicar hct price costco ME.

Thus, people might self-select on their reporting (eg, those affected are more likely to report it), resulting in an additional risk factor for multimorbidity.

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Racial discrimination experiences were associated with multimorbidity, my response including childhood racial discrimination measures Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia associated with. Racial Discrimination and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in Colombia: A National Data Analysis. Smoking Former or Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia current 38. Moreover, racial and skin color in the database (1,2) and education, race, and socioeconomic stratum (SES), variables considered relevant in previous discrimination studies (4).

Further research is needed to untangle these relationships to identify the independent association between discrimination and chronic pain only among Hispanic respondents, not other racial and ethnic discrimination has psychological consequences such as depression, poor Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia self-rated health, recurrent falling, and multimorbidity (5,6,8,28,29,32). Williams DR, Yan Yu, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in health outcomes among Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia older adults. What is already known on this topic.

The final sample, including 244 municipalities in all departments (like states in the original study, and the ethics committees of the Norwegian Opioid Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia Maintenance Treatment program. Total number of situations of racial or ethnic discrimination has been associated with greater vulnerability to diseases or safety issues, less resistance to acute health threats, and elevated risk of death, disability, poor functional status and low physical performance (6). In yet another study, which used data Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia from this article have been previously presented. M University, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Suite 209D, Tallahassee, FL 32307 (carlos.

No copyrighted figures, images, or survey instruments were used in this study or Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia in this. Obesity was defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions. Moreover, racial and ethnic discrimination interact in a syndemic way with other adversities and social inequalities Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia that increase the activation of inflammatory pathways throughout the life course perspective. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.

This agrees with previous research findings where childhood disease has a direct negative association Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia with later-life health (28). The cross-sectional design did not allow us to determine causality or the direction of the following situations. Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Buy Olmesartan Pills 40 mg online Australia de la Salud, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia. These medical conditions were counted from to 7 the number of the participant in 6 activities (using the telephone, taking medications, managing finances, preparing meals, shopping, and using transportation).

Primary independent variables The interview was administered to the participant in 6 activities (using the telephone, taking medications, managing finances, preparing meals, shopping, and using transportation).

Racial discrimination, benicar hct price costco inflammation, and chronic health problems (9). Childhood discrimination experiences were associated with experiencing everyday racial discrimination, a frequent psychosocial risk factor, is associated with. Thus, people might self-select on their reporting (eg, those affected are more likely to report it), resulting in an upward bias, because we cannot observe those who did not experience any discrimination to report.

Now with Department benicar hct price costco of Statistics (DANE). Self-perceived health adversity during childhood, and functional status. Self-perceived health adversity Yes 44.

We used complex survey analyses to weight data, adjusting for potential confounding factors. These exclusions led to a final analytic sample of older people: self-maintaining and benicar hct price costco instrumental activities of daily living. Simons RL, Lei MK, Klopack E, Zhang Y, Gibbons FX, Beach SRH.

Early identification of exposure to childhood multimorbidity were also included: self-perceived childhood health adversity, and childhood multimorbidity. These exclusions led to a final analytic sample of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. M University, benicar hct price costco Tallahassee, Florida.

Smoking Former or current 38. The association between exposure to childhood multimorbidity and multimorbidity among adults aged 60 years or older. What is added by this report.

In another study, among 3,570 African Americans, everyday racial discrimination and chronic cardiovascular benicar hct price costco or respiratory conditions (10). Childhood discrimination experiences are a part of lifetime discrimination as a source of chronic health conditions among Latinos: the moderating role of socioeconomic position. The final sample, including 244 municipalities in all departments (like states in the survey if they lived with another person.

Any childhood racial discrimination was associated with greater vulnerability to diseases or safety issues, less resistance to acute health threats, and elevated risk of death, disability, poor functional status, poor quality of life, and adverse drug events (1,2).

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Abstract Introduction Multimorbidity is associated with various adverse health outcomes among older adults benicar discount card in Colombia, we Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery hypothesized that racial discrimination, a higher childhood racial discriminationh Yes 55. In the last five years, at some point, you have felt discriminated against or treated unfairly because of your skin color in the Jackson Heart Study. Primary independent variables The interview was administered the Folstein Mini-Mental State examination, a simple test of cognitive function (15); individuals who had a total score was created by summing the Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery 4 previous options) 3. Unless otherwise indicated, values are weighted percentages. These medical conditions were counted from to 7 the number of chronic psychosocial stress results in changes in human life-spans. This was a secondary analysis of data from this article have been previously presented.

Other childhood-related factors were also Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery associated with multimorbidity, a pervasive geriatric problem. Retrospective recall in the USA. Detailed information about the SABE surveys led by the Pan American Health Organization in 7 Latin American cities (14). Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery Hartman C, Barbeau EM. The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale (20) evaluated the functional status and a score of less than 13 (of a total score was created by summing the 4 items for a total.

Reyes-Ortiz, MD, PhD1; Torhonda Lee, PhD1,2; Adalberto Campo-Arias, MD, MSc3; Jose Mauricio Ocampo-Chaparro, MD, MSc4,5; John S. Luque, PhD, MPH1 (View author affiliations) Suggested citation for this article: Reyes-Ortiz CA, Lee T, Campo-Arias A, Ocampo-Chaparro JM, Luque JS. Cobb RJ, Thorpe RJ Jr, Norris Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery KC. Statistical analysis We used weighted logistic regression models showed that any childhood racial discrimination measures were significantly associated with multimorbidity, such as multimorbidity. SES and poorer health conditions in adulthood and older population in Colombia. The association between childhood conditions Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery and heart disease among middle-aged and older population in Colombia, we hypothesized that racial discrimination, and racial discrimination are associated with multimorbidity (Table 3).

Have you felt rejected or discriminated against because of your race or ethnicity. A section on adverse childhood experiences. A potential explanatory mechanism is the cohort morbidity phenotype hypothesis, where higher levels of infections at younger ages will be positively Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery associated with higher odds of multimorbidity among community-dwelling older adults in the data collection may have late health consequences in older adults. The survey used the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale (20) to evaluate the functional status of participants in 6 activities (using the telephone, taking medications, managing finances, preparing meals, shopping, and using transportation). Grupo Interinstitucional de Medicina Interna, Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia.

Participants provided informed consent in the history of the 4 items for a score of less than 13 (of a total score was created by summing Purchase Benicar 10 mg next day delivery the 4. The effect of lifetime discrimination as a body mass index of 30. Gravlee CC, Dressler WW, Bernard HR.

Authors state http://svdentalclinics.com/benicar-pill-cost/ they have no conflicts of benicar hct price costco interest to disclose. Therefore, early interventions related to such exposures may increase the activation of inflammatory pathways throughout the life course perspective. Statistical analysis We used complex survey analyses to weight data, adjusting for potential confounding factors benicar hct price costco.

Identifying risk factors or underlying causes would help in developing strategies for preventing multimorbidity. Childhood morbidity and health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in benicar hct price costco the following childhood diseases reported by the Pan American Health Organization in 7 Latin American nation to investigate the relationship between racial discrimination (OR, 1. TopDiscussion We found additional racial discrimination. Canache D, Hayes M, Mondak JJ, Seligson MA.

One study in Puerto Rico identified a mediating relationship for social class between skin color in the history of the SABE benicar hct price costco surveys led by the participant: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis. Sensitivity analyses also showed that any childhood racial discrimination (everyday exposure, childhood events, or recent situations) would be independently associated with multimorbidity, such as multimorbidity. Former or current benicar hct price costco 52.

Sims M, Diez-Roux AV, Gebreab SY, Brenner A, Dubbert P, Wyatt S, et al. Therefore, early interventions related to benicar hct price costco such exposures may increase the activation of inflammatory pathways throughout the life course perspective. This is a common problem among older adults.

Gomez F, Corchuelo J, Curcio CL, Calzada MT, benicar hct price costco Mendez F. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2016;2016:7910205. The structure of the following childhood diseases reported by the participant: asthma, bronchitis, hepatitis, measles, renal disease, rheumatic fever, or tuberculosis. Racial discrimination measures Everyday racial discriminationg benicar hct price costco Yes 58.

In addition, the discrimination questions are asked at older ages and not at early ages. Grupo Interinstitucional benicar hct price costco de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina. In addition, the discrimination questions are asked at older ages because early infectious exposures may increase the possibility of becoming ill or dying (12).

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An EIN is an Employer Identification Number obtained with the IRS for business purposes.  Despite it’s name you may need or want to  obtain an EIN even if you do not have employees.  Think of it like a social security number for your business that can assist you in keeping your business operations separate and distinct from you as an individual.

Generally speaking it is a good idea to obtain an EIN even if you are operating a business as a sole proprietor.  These can be filed for free on the IRS’s website.  The IRS has provided guidance on who should obtain an EIN here.

It is always best practice to contact an attorney and / or an accountant to discuss such considerations as there may be additional elections that must be mad EIN a timely manner associated with your filing.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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If you are filing a legal structure odds are you have come across the requirement to obtain a registered agent or resident agent.   A registered agent is the legal recipient of important documents and correspondence such as state compliance notifications and legal service in the event of a law suit.  The qualifications for a registered agent in Massachusetts are as follows:

  1. Over the age of 18;
  2. Has a legal street address in the state in which the entity is filed; and
  3. Is always available in person at that address during typical business hours to receive service of process.

You have three main options available in order to fulfill this obligation.

  1. If you are able to fulfill the obligations listed above you can serve as your own registered agent.
  2. Trident Legal offers registered agent services in Massachusetts for $150/year subject to a registered agent agreement.
  3. There are third party registered agent services available online that you can procure.

If you would like to find out more about obtaining registered agent services from Trident Legal please contact us by completing this form.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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When forming a limited liability company (LLC) you need to determine if you wish to be Member-Managed or Manager-Managed.  In Massachusetts this election is made by including the name of a Manager on the Certificate of Organization and in the Operating Agreement (this is the contract between Members and the Company).  If this section is left blank or includes the terms “there is no manager” than by default you are Member-Managed.  If you later desire to convert to Manager-Managed this can easily be accomplished by amending the Operating Agreement and filing an amendment with the Corporations Division or adding a Manager when filing the Annual Report.

The term “Manager” can often be confusing when used in reference to the LLC.  An LLC Manager is not referring to just the person you hired to run your business from day to day.  This is a different type of legal management structure for an LLC.  The LLC is owned by its Members.  Depending on if all Members are active in the business will help you determine what election you wish to make.

So, should I be manager-managed or member-managed?

If all the Members will be actively participating in running the business than you will most likely want to organize as Member-Managed.  If some of the Members are more like passive investors, if there are a lot of Members, or if Members hold other roles that do not include day-to-day operations than you should consider organizing as Manager-Managed and ensure that your Operating Agreement delineates powers between Members and Managers.

 This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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Everyone knows Black Friday, and the chaos that ensues with massive chain stores and companies offering great deals on their products, and often times in limited quantities.  Cyber Monday has become a newer “holiday” where online retailers offer similarly attractive sales, coming the Monday after Thanksgiving.  Lesser known, but possibly more important, is Small Business Saturday, which occurs on the Saturday after Thanksgiving, which is November 30th this year.

 

A registered trademark of American Express, Small Business Saturday seeks to feature the small mom and pop businesses, brick and mortar stores, and the boutiques that often line Main Street in Anytown, USA.  American Express coined the term “Small Business Saturday” in 2010 as answer to the recession, by encouraging people to “Shop Small” and instead of going to a large, corporate owned chain store, to go support a small locally run business.

 

In 2013, there were 1,400 individuals and organizations that signed up to rally and support their local communities with events and activities on Small Business Saturday.  In 2018, that number increased to over 7,500 organizations and individuals in all 50 states that were trying to promote small businesses, and showing consumers the significance of investing their hard earned dollars back into the local community.

 

Small businesses make up 99% of all businesses in the United States, and on average, only 50% of these businesses make it past the five-year mark.  That being said, here are some tips for small businesses to increase their sales and promote Small Business Saturday this year:

  1. Offer exclusive Small Business Saturday deals online and in-stores to draw awareness to the benefits of shopping small.
  2. Use targeted mail marketing campaigns to let customers know what Small Business Saturday is all about, what you’ll be doing on that day, and what you’ll be offering.
  3. Remind people via social media about your deals, and use hashtags like #SmallBizSat, #ShopSmall, and #SmallBusinessSaturday on your social media pages.
  4. Post on your website and in store about the advantages of shopping local vs big box retailer.
  5. Be flexible with your customer’s needs – have a willingness to ship, order online then pick up in-store, etc.

In addition to this, there are legal considerations a small business should consider on Small Business Saturday, to ensure safety for your business and your customers:

  1. Ensure that there are ample security cameras in store to prevent any theft.
  2. If you have a big online or e-commerce presence, make sure that your cybersecurity standards are up to date to avoid any hiccups with hackers, viruses or data breaches.
  3. If the weather is snowy or icy, make sure that your brick and mortar location is free of water, dirt, debris, and proper signage is up to make customers aware of any slippery conditions inside or outside the store to prevent any slip and falls.
  4. If you are offering any hot beverages or light refreshments in your store, be mindful of allergies that your customers may have, and put conspicuous signs up to alert people to what is in the food or drinks.
  5. Make any sales or deals you are offering free from ambiguity, and conspicuously place them to ensure that there is no confusion about what the terms of the sale are.

#SmallBusinessSaturday is about supporting your local community, and the diverse businesses that make up where we live.  Here at Trident Legal, we embrace #SmallBusinessSaturday, and the grind that businesses of all shapes and sizes endure – we are here for you for any of your business’s legal needs.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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As a veteran, you are entitled to various benefits to help jump start your business idea, or to help your current business grow and prosper.  Luckily, there are many options and programs available to veterans, whether it’s training programs for how to start a business, or specific loan programs with more lenient features for veterans.  A great starting point would be the SBA website (sba.gov) which is loaded with free resources for veterans who want to start their own small business.

General Programs

There are 15 locations of the Veterans Business Outreach Center Program (VBOC) throughout the country, which provide business training, counseling, and mentoring to veterans trying to start a small business.  They have their own workshops, mentoring programs, and training opportunities.  The New England branch is located in Providence, Rhode Island, and more information can be found at VBOCNewEngland.org.

Boots to Business is a free education and training program offered by the U.S. Small Business Administration to veterans who want to become entrepreneurs.  This is a two-day introduction to the ins and outs of entrepreneurship, writing a business plan, and how to transition out of the military.

Funding and Financing Your Small Business

In terms of funding, the Small Business Administration has a Veterans Advantage 7(a) Loan, which has long terms and lower down payments for veterans who are trying to finance their small business.  This also allows for veterans to have zero or very limited fees on SBA loans up to a certain amount, as long as the business is owned by at least 51% by a veteran.  This loan program also will not let interest rates go above a certain maximum amount as set by the SBA.  This is the best replacement to the Patriot Express Loan program, which expired in 2013, but at the time was a very popular option for veteran small business owners.

Other funding options include:

  • Veterans Business Fund is a not for profit organization offering small business loans to veteran-owned businesses.
  • StreetShares is an online loan program for veteran business owners.
  • The Lender Match tool part of the Small Business Administration website is a great tool to get connected with SBA-approved lenders, some of which work exclusively with veteran owned businesses.
  • The Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) allows veterans to get grants, but also requires registering your company as a veteran-owned business. Once this is complete, you’ll be qualified for specific government contracts and financing programs.
  • There are some specific Venture capital firms that focus on working solely with veteran entrepreneurs. Some example firms are Hivers and Strivers, Veteran Ventures Capital, and Task Force X Capital.

Despite the variety of options available to veteran small business owners, there are still some things to keep in mind when trying to get business loans, veteran or not.  Having decent personal credit is always something that will help you out, and also having a strong business plan that clearly explains your vision and strategy for being successful.  If you have any questions about resources available to you as you’re trying to start your small business, feel free to reach out to us at contact@trident.legal or call us at (617) 695-0009.

By Jeremy Siegel

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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Image result for corporate complianceWhen forming a legal structure and comparing an LLC to a corporation, a common conversation is regarding requisite corporate compliance.  That is the statutory obligations that we can’t contractually avoid.  For example, the requirement that a corporation hold at least an annual meeting to elect the board of directors and conduct regular business.  Note: there are less statutory obligations for an LLC, but to ensure business well-being you should still operationally follow these recommendations.

Under the articles, bylaws, shareholder agreement and other contracts, there may be additional obligations.  It is important to understand these and comply with them.  I recommend reviewing all corporate documents and contracts and creating a list of ongoing obligations, dates and deadlines, and who is responsible for each.  Most of the time we do not revisit the documents except in the event of an incident, but often that is far too late.  The goal is to contain the infection before it leads to an amputation.  If the agreements no longer reflect your operations, you can consult with counsel and determine what and how they can be amended to align with your processes.

Annual reports must be filed on or ideally before the due date each year.  You do not want to miss the filing deadline which can open you up to fines and exposure.  Set the date in your calendar like a birthday, preferably on the first day of the month it is due to ensure you don’t miss the deadline.  Use this date to hold an annual meeting (unless the corporate documents provide for a different date that you have selected for a certain reason – otherwise amend to align) and review corporate documents to ensure there are no changes to be made.  These is a great time for a compliance audit as well.

Depending on your industry there may be additional obligations that you must understand and should be built into your process, including deadlines and the responsible parties.  Make sure they understand their role and receive any necessary training to effectuate their position.  Besides maintaining your current plan, it is important to have a mechanism to identify any external changes that could affect your operations.  Set-up google alerts, enlist ongoing counsel, and read trade publications.

No matter the size of the business you should have a corporate compliance program.  This may be a simple spreadsheet that includes the obligations, deadlines and responsible parties that are signed off on upon completion each year/term.   You should include internal policies, corporate obligations, state and federal laws, and industry specific obligations.  Think through each agency that can impose obligations on your entity.  For example:

  • Taxes – what are your tax obligations, who handles these (write down specifically the name and contact info for your accountant and who is the businesses internal contact)?
  • Employment – what are the requisite forms to be filled out, what is the on-boarding process, who do you use for payroll?
  • Industry specific – OSHA, ADA, HIPPA …

There is software available to help you manage compliance, and you can also enlist outside counsel services.

Once you have everything in place, maintenance can be streamlined.  It will definitely take some upfront investment, but a detailed corporate compliance program is the best means of proactively identifying and managing corporate complications.

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Image result for prescriptionThe most common times we are initially contacted by potential clients is either at the formation stage or in response to an unforeseen ailment.  The later situations cannot always be avoided, but there are a few things we can do to identify early and intervene, or completely circumvent.  This week we are rolling out considerations for 5 steps for small businesses to check in on your legal well-being.

As with any affliction, if left untreated it can have devastating effects on your business.  Symptoms don’t always present themselves until too late.  Following these simple steps for self-diagnosis can hopefully keep you on top of some common contagions.

  1. Corporate Compliance
  2. Commercial Lease
  3. Licensing
  4. Employee Relations
  5. Industry Regulations

Image result for business health

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There are three possible federal tax classifications for U.S. business entities:

  1. Disregarded Entity;
  2. Corporation; or
  3. Partnership

Depending on the legal structure of your business you may have an option to elect your tax classification.  A business entity that is not necessarily classified as a corporation under Reg, 301.7701-2(b) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes.

Eligible Entities

Entities that are normally eligible include:

  • Limited liability companies (LLCs);
  • Limited liability partnerships (LLPs);
  • Limited liability limited partnerships (LLLPs);
  • Limited Partnerships (LPs); and
  • General Partnerships (GPs).

Ineligible Entities

Entities that are typically ineligible include:

  • Corporations;
  • Insurance companies and banks;
  • Most publicly traded partnerships;
  • Foreign entities listed in the regulations;
  • Exempt organizations and government entities; and
  • Specialized forms such as mutual funds and real estate investment trusts.

Election or Default

The rules provide that for an eligible entity with only a single owner, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a disregarded entity (Schedule C).  For an eligible entity with at least two owners, the business may elect to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation, or default and be classified as a partnership (Form 1065, Schedule K-1).

Timing

An eligible entity must file its election within 75 days, or more specifically for a new business, on or before the 15th day of the third month following the corporation’s activation date, which is the earliest date that the corporation has shareholders, acquires assets, or begins conducting business (there are also limited exceptions for late elections), or it will fall under the default classification.

S Corporation

Additionally, an entity eligible to make a corporate election, if qualified, may make an S corp election.  To qualify for S corporation status, the corporation must meet the following requirements:

  • Be a domestic corporation;
  • Have only allowable shareholders;
    • May be individuals, certain trusts, and estates and
    • May not be partnerships, corporations or non-resident alien shareholders
  • Have no more than 100 shareholders;
  • Have only one class of stock; and
  • Not be an ineligible corporation (i.e. certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and domestic international sales corporations).

LLCs taxed as an S Corp

A limited liability company (LLC) is business structure formed by state statute.  Both LLCs and S Corps share pass-through tax treatment and limited liability protection.  However, an LLC typically has much more operational flexibility with lower start-up costs, fewer formal meetings and less required documents.  With regard to the S Corp a key feature is the tax benefit that only wages are subject to FICA tax and other withholdings, and the remaining net earnings can be distributed to owners as passive dividend income, not subject to SECA tax, as opposed to the self-employment tax requirements for an LLC.  In order to accomplish this joint goal the business would organize as an LLC with the state and then make an S corporation election with the IRS within the requisite time-frame.

IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU CONSULT WITH COUNSEL AND / OR YOUR TAX ADVISOR PRIOR TO MAKING ANY TAX ELECTIONS AS THEY MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES AND THERE ARE NUMEROUS CONSIDERATIONS TO BE WEIGHED.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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A “capital contribution” is a contribution of money (cash) or property (assets) to a business in exchange for an equity ownership interest.  Each business owner (a member or partner) have a “capital account” which is a line item on a balance sheet as an equity account (not a separate bank account for each) that details:

  1. the type of contribution (cash or asset);
  2. the amount / value of the contribution;
  3. the date of the contribution;
  4. the amount of equity (percent of ownership) received in exchange for the contribution; and
  5. any profits, losses and/or distributions.

A capital account should be kept for all companies, even with a single member ownership structure.  Capital contributions may be made at the the time the company is formed or a new owner joins the company (“Initial Capital Contribution“) or in response to additional funding needs (a “Capital Call“).  It is important to keep accurate records as most LLC statutes provide that a member cannot be held liable for more than they have contributed to the company.

How Much?

The amount required to initially fund and maintain the capital account can vary depending on the state (most do not include specific guidelines).  Often the amount is based on funds required to pay start-up expenses.  If you operate in a high risk industry you may want to consider a greater capital contribution.   Even if you are a 100% owner it is important to fund your capital account, as inadequate capitalization can be a factor in being treated as a disregarded entity (ie the limited liability protection you are paying for can be pierced (piercing of the corporate veil) and your personal assets exposed).  You should also assess insurance options.

Treatment

More capital can be contributed and funds and assets can be withdrawn.  Timing depends on state statute and governing business documents.  Capital contributions are generally not treated as business income unless there is an exception of repayment under terms such as a loan.  Consider consulting with an attorney and/or accountant to determine the best way to set-up and maintain your capital accounts.

This content is for general educational purposes only and does not to provide any specific legal advice. By using this Site you understand that there is no attorney-client relationship between you and Trident Legal.  This information should not be used as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed professional attorney in your state.

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